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Protein that stimulates cell division and differentiation

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor, EGFR. Human EGF is 6 kDa and has 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds. EGF was originally described as a secreted peptide found in the submaxillary glands of mice and in human urine. EGF has since been found in many human tissues, including platelets, submandibular gland (submaxillary gland),

The Epidermal growth factor can be found in platelets, It can also be found in the submandibular glands, and the parotid gland. +Sr. NoGrowth factorSourceMajor function1Epidermal growth factor (EGF)Salivary glandStimulates growth of epidermal and epithelial cells2Platelet derived growth factorPlateletsStimulates growth of mesenchymal cells, promotes wound healing3Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF α)Epithelial cellSimilar to EGF4Transforming growth factor beta (TGF β)Platelets, Kidney, PlacentaInhibitory effect on cultures tumor cell5ErythropoietinKidneyStimulates development of erythropoietic cells6Nerve growth factor (NGF)Salivary glandStimulates the growth of sensory nerves 7Insulin like growth factorSerumStimulates incorporation of sulfates into cartilage, exerts insulin like action on certain cells 8Tumor necrosis factorMonocytesNecrosis of tumor cells9Interleukin 1Monocytes, Leukocytes Stimulates synthesis of IL 210Interleukin 2LymphocytesStimulates growth and maturation of T cells

EGF acts by binding with high affinity to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the cell surface. This stimulates ligand induced dimerization, activating the intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor (see the second diagram). The tyrosine kinase activity, in turn, initiates a signal transduction cascade that results in a variety of biochemical changes within the cell – a rise in intracellular calcium levels, increased glycolysis and protein synthesis, and increases in the expression of certain genes including the gene for EGFR – that ultimately lead to DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.

Recombinant human epidermal growth factor, sold under the brand name Heberprot P, is used to treat diabetic foot ulcers. It can be given by injection into the wound site, or may be used topically. Tentative evidence shows improved wound healing. Safety has been poorly studied.

EGF plays an enhancer role on the osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) because it is capable of increasing extracellular matrix mineralization. A low concentration of EGF (10 ng/ml) is sufficient to induce morphological and phenotypic changes. These data suggests that DPSCs in combination with EGF could be an effective stem cell based therapy to bone tissue engineering applications in periodontics and oral implantology.

EGF was the second growth factor to be identified. Initially, human EGF was known as urogastrone. Stanley Cohen discovered EGF while working with Rita Levi Montalcini at the Washington University in St. Louis during experiments researching nerve growth factor. For these discoveries Levi Montalcini and Cohen were awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.