Жоғары технологиялық орталықтар және инновациялық аймақтар

A technopole, commonly referred to as a high technology cluster or tech hub, refers to a center of high tech manufacturing and information based quaternary industry. The term was coined by Allen J. Scott in 1990 to describe regions in Southern California which showed a rapid growth in high technology fields. This term now has a broader scope to describe regions worldwide dedicated to technological innovation. Such regions can be centers of rapid economic and technological growth as a result of agglomeration effects. Technopoles are one type of industry cluster. The components of a technopole usually comprise local firms, universities, financial institutions and public research organizations. Technopoles may be developed by the private sector or by the co operation or partnership between the public and private sectors. Governments of all levels promote them as a panacea for economies hurt by economic restructuring. Large corporations and small business operate within these high technology areas. Networking between companies is important and made possible by technological advances and facilitate technology transfer. Technopoles are combined technological and business centers specifically established around recognized educational and research institutes.

Technopoles in South Africa include regions of Pretoria, Johannesburg and East Rand. These areas have the largest concentration of national R&D facilities.

In Japan, technopoles were planned and developed by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). Some of the most successful technopoles in Japan include Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi and Kumamoto. UNIDO VietNam (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) has compiled in 2015 a list of Technopoles in the ASEAN Economic Community in a report titled "Economic Zones in the ASEAN" written by Arnault Morisson.

In Australia, technopoles include the Technology Precinct Bentley WA, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Ballarat Technology Park VIC, The Australian Technology Park NSW, Brisbane Technology Park QLD, Tasmanian Technopark and Adelaide University Research Park SA.

Technopoles in Germany include the IT Cluster Rhine Main Neckar, the largest IT cluster in Europe. Technopoles in the United Kingdom include counties such as Berkshire and Hampshire in the “Western Crescent” of London, as well as Hertfordshire in the Northern section of London. In London, East London Tech City is particularly important as a center of innovation. The vicinity around Cambridge has been nicknamed 'Silicon Fen' in some articles due to the agglomeration of software and other tech companies based there, and the university's research output. Manchester in the North West of England has attracted several prominent national and international companies to set up presences there, as well as a burgeoning startup scene emerging with the growth and re invention of the city in the past 20 years. In France, there are technopoles located near Rennes, Grenoble, Toulouse, Lyon and Paris. The first french technopole is Sophia Antipolis, near the cities of Nice, Cannes and Antibes. An important technology cluster is "Paris Saclay", consisting of universities, research centers and start ups. Writer Joel Stratte McClure of Time Magazine described a technopole in southern France called Sophia Antipolis which had 1,200 companies in a sprawling development twenty minutes away from the airport in Nice. According to the report, the technopole featured hiking trails and jogging paths and riding stables and golf courses and signs which indicate the names of various species of plants, and with street names which were "slightly pretentious" such as "Rue Dostoevski" and "Rue Albert Einstein" criss crossing rolling hills with pine trees. The most important Italian technology park (International Centre for Theoretical Physics, AREA Science Park, ELETTRA) with basic research is located in Trieste.

Silicon Valley is one of the most innovative technopoles in the world. It is located in the San Francisco Bay area of California. The area consists of a 70 kilometre by 15 kilometre radius stretching from Palo Alto to San Jose. In the late 1950s, there were little computing and technology jobs in the region, this quickly changed in the 1970s and 1980s where in 1985 there was a reported 56,126 jobs in the high tech field. Frederick Terman, a professor at Stanford University who later became the Dean of electrical engineering, initiated many R&D initiatives in Silicon Valley. Terman helped his students, such as William Hewlett and David Packard, to initiate their own companies and at times even personally invested in them. With the various numbers of small companies in the area, it is common for employees to move from one company to another. Employees tend to maintain informal social connections with past coworkers which expand professional and social networks. Silicon Valley remains one of the leading technopoles of the world to date with its competitive entrepreneurs, its innovative workforce and its firm base of investors. Route 128 is another technopole located in the United States. Route 128 was a stretch of highway in the Greater Boston Area with many research and industrial facilities The route linked many towns in the greater Boston area and many technology firms relocated there for its proximity to universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge and Harvard. MIT played an integral role in establishing Route 128 as a technopole. MIT was established in 1861 as a technical university. After the Second World War, MIT encouraged technological innovation through commercially oriented research. In 1930, the Division of Industrial Cooperation and Research which solicited research contracts from companies was discontinued, although MIT maintained its capacity to solicit corporate contracts. Harvard University and other local universities also received funding for research projects alongside MIT. This area was named “Research Row”. Despite MIT choosing not to invest in start up organizations around the region, there were many technology firms that provided funding. MIT continues to solicit contracts from corporations and is still highly regarded as an institution that is a leader in technological innovations. Other technopoles in the United States include places such as Austin, TX; Denver Boulder, CO; Huntsville, AL; Lafayette, IN; Madison, WI; Philadelphia Wilmington Trenton; Raleigh Durham, NC; San Francisco Oakland San Jose and Seattle, Washington.