1912-1913 жылғы АҚШ Сенаты сайлаулары және Сенатқа тікелей сайлаудың орнауы

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The 1912–13 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. They were the last U. S. Senate elections before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, establishing direct elections for all Senate seats. Senators had been primarily chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1912 and 1913, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. Some states elected their senators directly even before passage of Seventeenth Amendment. Oregon pioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Soon after, Nebraska followed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures reflecting the people's will. By 1912, as many as 29 states elected senators either as nominees of their party's primary or in conjunction with a general election. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2. The Democrats gained control of the Senate for the first time in 20 years. Of the 32 seats up for election, 17 were won by Democrats, thereby gaining 4 seats from the Republicans. Two seats were unfilled by state legislators who failed to elect a new senator on time. These elections coincided with Democrat Woodrow Wilson's victory in the presidential election amid a divide in the Republican Party. In the Senate, Joseph M. Dixon and Miles Poindexter defected from the Republican Party and joined Theodore Roosevelt's new Progressive Party. Dixon, however, lost his seat during this election.

In these special elections, the winners were seated in the 62nd Congress during 1912 or before March 4, 1913; ordered by election date. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Virginia(Class 1) Claude A. Swanson Democratic 1910 Interim appointee elected January 23, 1912. New Mexico(Class 1) New state New senator elected March 27, 1912. Republican gain. New Mexico(Class 2) New senator elected March 27, 1912. Republican gain. Winner was also subsequently elected to the next term, see below. Arizona(Class 1) New state New senator elected March 26, 1912, ratifying the popular selection made on December 12, 1911, state elections. Democratic gain. Arizona(Class 3) New senator elected March 26, 1912, ratifying the popular selection made on December 12, 1911, state elections. Democratic gain. Arkansas(Class 2) John N. Heiskell Democratic 1913 Interim appointee retired. New senator elected January 27, 1913. Democratic hold. Winner did not run for election to the following term, see below. Nevada(Class 1) William A. Massey Republican 1912 Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. New senator elected January 28, 1913, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections. Democratic gain. Delaware Harry A. Richardson Republican 1907 Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 29, 1913. Democratic gain. Georgia Augustus Bacon Democratic 189419001907 1907 Incumbent ran for re election but the legislature failed to elect. Democratic loss. Incumbent was then appointed to begin the term. Democratic Party (US)Augustus Bacon (Democratic) Idaho William Borah Republican 1907 Incumbent re elected January 14, 1913. Illinois Shelby M. Cullom Republican 18821888189419011907 Incumbent lost renomination. Legislature failed to elect. Republican loss. A new senator was later elected, see below. Iowa William S. Kenyon Republican 1911 Incumbent re elected January 21, 1913. Kansas Charles Curtis Republican 1907 1907 Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected January 28, 1913, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections. Democratic gain. Kentucky Thomas H. Paynter Democratic 1906 Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 16, 1912. Democratic hold. Louisiana Murphy J. Foster Democratic 19001904 Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected May 21, 1912. Democratic hold. Maine Obadiah Gardner Democratic 1911 1912 Incumbent lost re election. New senator elected January 15, 1913. Republican gain. Massachusetts Winthrop M. Crane Republican 1904 1905 1907 Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 14, 1913. Republican hold. Michigan William A. Smith Republican 1911 Incumbent re elected January 14, 1913. Minnesota Knute Nelson Republican 189519011907 Incumbent re elected January 21, 1913, ratifying the popular selection made in 1912 state elections. New Hampshire Henry E. Burnham Republican 19011907 Incumbent retired. Legislature failed to elect. Republican loss. New senator was elected late, see below. New Jersey Frank O. Briggs Republican 1907 Incumbent lost re election. New senator elected January 28, 1913. Democratic gain. New Mexico Albert B. Fall Republican 1912 Incumbent re elected June 6, 1912. Legislature invalidated the election. Incumbent then re elected January 28, 1913. January 28, 1913, election: North Carolina Furnifold Simmons Democratic 19011907 Incumbent re elected January 21, 1913. Oklahoma Robert L. Owen Democratic 1907 Incumbent re elected January 21, 1913. Rhode Island George P. Wetmore Republican 189419001908 Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 21, 1913. Republican hold. South Carolina Benjamin Tillman Democratic 189419011907 Incumbent re elected January 28, 1913. South Dakota Robert J. Gamble Republican 19011907 Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected January 22, 1913. Republican hold. Tennessee Newell Sanders Republican 1912 Interim appointee retired. New senator elected January 23, 1913. Democratic gain. Texas Rienzi Johnston Democratic 1913 Interim appointee retired. New senator elected January 28, 1913. Democratic hold. Virginia Thomas S. Martin Democratic 1893 1899 1906 Incumbent re elected January 23, 1912. West Virginia Clarence Watson Democratic 1911 Incumbent lost re election. New senator elected February 21, 1913. Democratic gain. Plainlist|
Democratic Party (US) Henry F. Hollis (Democratic) 189 votes
Republican Party (US)John H. Bartlett (Republican) 121 votes
Republican Party (US)Henry B. Quinby (Republican) 18 votes
Republican Party (US)Edward N. Pearson (Republican) 14 votes
Progressive Party (US, 1912)Robert P. Bass (Progressive) 12 votes
UnknownScattering 17 votesDemocratic gain.

Incumbent Senator John H. Bankhead had already been re elected early January 17, 1911 for the 1913 term.

One term incumbent Senator Jeff Davis died January 3, 1913. Democratic Governor of Arkansas Joseph T. Robinson appointed John N. Heiskell January 6, 1913, to continue the term just until a special election.

John N. Heiskell was not a candidate in the special election. On January 29, 1913, the Arkansas Legislature elected Democratic businessman and former judge William Marmaduke Kavanaugh just to finish the term that would end in March 1913.

Neither Heiskell nor Kavanaugh were candidates in the general election. On January 29, 1913, the Arkansas Legislature elected the Democratic Governor Joseph T. Robinson to the next term. This would be the last senate election by a state legislature before the April 8, 1913, adoption of the 17th amendment. Robinson would later become leader of Senate Democrats and Senate majority leader.

Arizona became a new state February 14, 1912, with senators in classes 1 (ending 1917) and 3 (ending 1915). For the initial senators there was a popular vote held December 12, 1911 — before statehood — and the newly formed state legislature effectively ratified the popular votes March 26, 1912: Democrat Henry F. Ashurst (class 1) and Democrat Marcus A. Smith (class 3). Henry F. Ashurst was elected to the Territorial House of Representatives in 1897. He was re elected in 1899, and became the territory's youngest speaker. In 1902, he was elected to the Territorial Senate. In 1911, Ashurst presided over Arizona's constitutional convention. During the convention, he positioned himself for a U. S. Senate seat by avoiding the political fighting over various clauses in the constitution which damaged his rivals. Marcus A. Smith announced his candidacy for one of Arizona's two senate seats on September 24, 1911. As the campaign began, Smith abandoned his long standing conservative stand and declared himself a "Progressive". With the admission of Arizona as a state in 1912, the Arizona State Legislature confirmed the selection of Smith and Ashurst as the state's first U. S. senators on March 27, 1912, taking office April 2, 1912.

On January 14, 1913, the Colorado General Assembly elected both of the state's senators: Governor John F. Shafroth for the class 2 seat (ending 1919) and Democrat Charles S. Thomas for the class 3 seat (ending 1915).

One term Republican incumbent Simon Guggenheim chose to retire in the term beginning March 4, 1913. In the 1912 state elections, Democratic Governor of Colorado John F. Shafroth won the popular vote.

Three months after the primary in which Sherman defeated Cullom, the U. S. Senate invalidated Lorimer's 1909 election and declared the seat vacant. The Illinois Attorney General, William H. Stead determined that the General Assembly had failed to properly elect Lorimer in 1909 and so the Governor could not appoint a replacement. As a result, the General Assembly had a second Senate seat to fill.

Incumbent Republican William S. Kenyon, who had just won a 1911 special election to the seat, was easily re elected by the Iowa General Assembly over Democratic former congressman Daniel W. Hamilton.

One term Democrat LeRoy Percy lost renomination in mid 1911 to white supremacist James K. Vardaman, who was then elected January 16, 1912, to the seat, unopposed. Percy had won in 1910 (to finish a vacant term) despite Vardaman's support of a plurality of legislators (all white). The fractured remainder sought to thwart his extreme racial policies. A majority united behind Percy to block Vardaman's election. Percy had advocated education for blacks and worked to improve race relations by appealing to the planters' sense of noblesse oblige. Disenfranchisement of blacks made the Democratic primary the deciding competitive race for state and local offices in Mississippi. In this rematch, Vardaman's campaign was managed by Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi (and future senator) Theodore Bilbo, who emphasized class tensions and racial segregation, attacking Percy as a representative of the aristocracy of the state and for taking a progressive stance on race relations. Vardaman, however, would only serve one term, losing renomination in 1918, primarily due to his vote against entry into World War I.

One term Republican Joseph M. Dixon ran for re election as a Progressive, but lost to Democrat Thomas J. Walsh. The Montana Legislature then unanimously elected Walsh January 14, 1913. Walsh would be re elected four more times and serve for 20 years until his 1933 death. Dixon, meanwhile, would go on to become Governor of Montana from 1921 to 1925.

First term Republican Norris Brown lost renomination to George W. Norris, who was then elected January 21, 1913. Despite the Democratic majority, the Nebraska legislature elected Republican Norris unanimously, upholding the popular vote. Norris would serve for thirty years, winning two more elections as a Republican and one as an Independent but losing re election in 1942.

Republican senator George S. Nixon died June 5, 1912. Republican former judge William A. Massey was appointed July 1, 1912, to continue the term that would end in 1917, pending a special election. In November 1912, Massey lost the popular vote for the special election to Democratic attorney Key Pittman was elected by the Nevada Legislature January 28, 1913. Pittman had a small plurality in the November 1912 popular vote, but the legislature elected him almost unanimously. Massey died the next year, and Pittman would go on to serve for 27 more years and win re election four times, serving as President pro tempore throughout the New Deal.

Two term Republican Henry E. Burnham decided to retire. The New Hampshire legislature failed to elect a new senator after 42 votes, so the March 4, 1913, term begin with the seat vacant. Finally, on March 26, 1913, on the 43rd vote, Democrat Henry F. Hollis was elected with the required majority, albeit slight. Hollis was a former candidate for U. S. House of Representatives (in 1900), and twice for Governor of New Hampshire (in 1902 and 1904). Hollis would retire after a single term and be replaced, in a popular vote, by Republican Henry W. Keyes.

One term Democrat Robert Love Taylor died March 31, 1912, and Republican Newell Sanders was appointed in his place, pending a special election. Sanders was not a candidate either election

The Tennessee legislature elected two senators: one to the next term and one to finish the current term.

Chief Justice Of The Tennessee Supreme Court John K. Shields was elected January 23, 1913, to the next term beginning March 4, 1913. He had not been a candidate in the special election. Shields would be re elected in 1918, but lose renomination in 1924.

Democrat William R. Webb, the founder of the Webb School and former Confederate soldier, was elected January 23, 1913, to finish the term ending March 3, 1913. Webb was not a candidate in the general election. The election was then made unanimous by motion of the joint convention. Appointee Rienzi M. Johnston ran for but lost election to finish the shortened term. Following his brief 25 day Senate term, Johnston returned to Houston and resumed his role as editor of the Houston Post. He retired from the newspaper business in 1919.

Perhaps due to the overwhelming support for the special election, Sheppard had no opposition in the subsequent general election. Sheppard would win re election four times, serving until his death in 1941.

Virginia held non binding primaries September 7, 1911, for both the class 2 seat held by Democrat Thomas S. Martin, who was running for re election, and the class 1 seat held by Democrat Claude Swanson, who had been appointed to fill a vacancy.

Democrat John W. Daniel died June 29, 1910, and Democrat Claude A. Swanson, a former Governor of Virginia and former Congressman, was appointed August 1, 1910, to finish the term ending March 1911 and again appointed February 28, 1911, to begin the 1911–1917 term, pending a special election. Swanson won the class 1 Democratic primary for the term ending in 1917 with 67,495 votes over (future senator) Carter Glass's 28,757 votes. On January 24, 1912, the Virginia General Assembly unanimously elected Swanson. Goff would remain a judge until April 1, 1913, before taking his Senate seat. He would only serve the one term, retiring in 1919 due to ill health and having barely cast any roll call votes throughout his Senate career. Goff held onto his seat despite being almost entirely absent from his duties in the Senate.

Four term Republican Francis E. Warren was re elected January 28, 1913. Kendrick would be elected to the other seat in 1916. Warren would be re elected two more times, becoming the Dean of the United States Senate, and serve until his death in 1929.