Жер орбитасындағы қолдан жасалған қалдықтар ластануы

Pollution around Earth by defunct artificial objects

Space debris (also known as space junk, space pollution,) are defunct human made objects in spaceprincipally in Earth orbitwhich no longer serve a useful function. These include derelict spacecraft (nonfunctional spacecraft and abandoned launch vehicle stages), mission related debris, and particularly numerous in Earth orbit, fragmentation debris from the breakup of derelict rocket bodies and spacecraft. In addition to derelict human made objects left in orbit, space debris includes fragments from disintegration, erosion, or collisions; solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft; unburned particles from solid rocket motors; and even paint flecks. Space debris represents a risk to spacecraft. Space debris is typically a negative externality. It creates an external cost on others from the initial action to launch or use a spacecraft in near Earth orbit, a cost that is typically not taken into account nor fully accounted for by the launcher or payload owner. Several spacecraft, both crewed and un crewed, have been damaged or destroyed by space debris. The measurement, mitigation, and potential removal of debris is conducted by some participants in the space industry. as of 2022, the US Space Surveillance Network reported 25,857 artificial objects in orbit above the Earth, as of January 2019, more than 128 million pieces of debris smaller than , about 900,000 pieces of debris 1–10 cm, and around 34,000 of pieces larger than were estimated to be in orbit around the Earth. Below , pieces of debris are denser than meteoroids. Most are dust from solid rocket motors, surface erosion debris like paint flakes, and frozen coolant from Soviet nuclear powered satellites. For comparison, the International Space Station (ISS) orbits in the range, while the two most recent large debris events, the 2007 Chinese antisatellite weapon test and the 2009 satellite collision, occurred at altitude. The ISS has Whipple shielding to resist damage from small MMOD. However, known debris with a collision chance over 1/10,000 are avoided by maneuvering the station.

Space debris began to accumulate in Earth orbit with the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into orbit in October, 1957. But even before this event, humans might have produced ejecta that became space debris, as in the August 1957 Pascal B test. Going back further, natural ejecta from Earth has entered orbit. After the launch of Sputnik, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) began compiling a database (the Space Object Catalog) of all known rocket launches and objects reaching orbit, including satellites, protective shields and upper stages of launch vehicles. NASA later published modified versions of the database in two line element sets, and beginning in the early 1980s, they were republished in the CelesTrak bulletin board system. NORAD trackers who fed the database were aware of other objects in orbit, many of which were the result of in orbit explosions. Some were deliberately caused during anti satellite weapon (ASAT) testing in the 1960s, and others were the result of rocket stages blowing up in orbit as leftover propellant expanded and ruptured their tanks. More detailed databases and tracking systems were gradually developed, including Gabbard diagrams, to improve the modeling of orbital evolution and decay. In 1979, NASA founded the Orbital Debris Program to research mitigation measures for space debris in Earth orbit.

During the 1980s, NASA and other U. S. groups attempted to limit the growth of debris. One trial solution was implemented by McDonnell Douglas in 1981 for the Delta launch vehicle by having the booster move away from its payload and vent any propellant remaining in its tanks. This eliminated one source for pressure buildup in the tanks which had previously caused them to explode and create additional orbital debris. Other countries were slower to adopt this measure and, due especially to a number of launches by the Soviet Union, the problem grew throughout the decade. A new battery of studies followed as NASA, NORAD, and others attempted to better understand the orbital environment, with each adjusting the number of pieces of debris in the critical mass zone upward. Although in 1981 (when Schefter's article was published) the number of objects was estimated at 5,000, By 2005 this was adjusted upward to 13,000 objects, and a 2006 study increased the number to 19,000 as a result of an ASAT and a satellite collision. In 2011, NASA said that 22,000 objects were being tracked. A 2006 NASA model suggested that if no new launches took place, the environment would retain the then known population until about 2055, when it would increase on its own. Richard Crowther of Britain's Defence Evaluation and Research Agency said in 2002 that he believed the cascade would begin about 2015. The National Academy of Sciences, summarizing the professional view, noted widespread agreement that two bands of LEO space900 to and were already past critical density. In the 2009 CEAS European Air and Space Conference, University of Southampton researcher Hugh Lewis predicted that the threat from space debris would rise 50 percent in the next decade and quadruple in the next 50 years. as of 2009, more than 13,000 close calls were tracked weekly. A 2011 report by the U. S. National Research Council warned NASA that the amount of orbiting space debris was at a critical level. According to some computer models, the amount of space debris "has reached a tipping point, with enough currently in orbit to continually collide and create even more debris, raising the risk of spacecraft failures." The report called for international regulations limiting debris and research of disposal methods.

By mid 1994 there had been 68 breakups or debris "anomalous events" involving satellites launched by the former Soviet Union/Russia and 18 similar events had been discovered involving rocket bodies and other propulsion related operational debris. as of 2016, nearly 18,000 artificial objects were orbiting above Earth, including 1,419 operational satellites. as of 2019, nearly 20,000 artificial objects were in orbit above the Earth, including 2,218 operational satellites.

there were estimated to be over 128 million pieces of debris smaller than , and approximately 900,000 pieces between 1 and 10 cm. The count of large debris (defined as 10 cm across or larger) was 34,000 in 2019,

as of 2020, there were 8,000 metric tons of debris in orbit, a figure that is expected to increase.

In the orbits nearest to Earthless than orbital altitude, referred to as low Earth orbit (LEO)there have traditionally been few "universal orbits" that keep a number of spacecraft in particular rings (in contrast to GEO, a single orbit that is widely used by over 500 satellites). There is currently 85% pollution in LEO (Low Earth Orbit). This was beginning to change in 2019, and several companies began to deploy the early phases of satellite internet constellations, which will have many universal orbits in LEO with 30 to 50 satellites per orbital plane and altitude. Traditionally, the most populated LEO orbits have been a number of Sun synchronous satellites that keep a constant angle between the Sun and the orbital plane, making Earth observation easier with consistent sun angle and lighting. Sun synchronous orbits are polar, meaning they cross over the polar regions. LEO satellites orbit in many planes, typically up to 15 times a day, causing frequent approaches between objects. The density of satellitesboth active and derelictis much higher in LEO. Orbits are affected by gravitational perturbations (which in LEO include unevenness of the Earth's gravitational field due to variations in the density of the planet), and collisions can occur from any direction. The average impact speed of collisions in Low Earth Orbit is 10 km/s with maximums reaching above 14 km/s due to orbital eccentricity. The 2009 satellite collision occurred at a closing speed of , creating over 2,000 large debris fragments. These debris cross many other orbits and increase debris collision risk. It is theorized that a sufficiently large collision of spacecraft could potentially lead to a cascade effect, or even make some particular low Earth orbits effectively unusable for long term use by orbiting satellites, a phenomenon known as the Kessler syndrome. The theoretical effect is projected to be a theoretical runaway chain reaction of collisions that could occur, exponentially increasing the number and density of space debris in low Earth orbit, and has been hypothesized to ensue beyond some critical density. Crewed space missions are mostly at altitude and below, where air drag helps clear zones of fragments. The upper atmosphere is not a fixed density at any particular orbital altitude; it varies as a result of atmospheric tides and expands or contracts over longer time periods as a result of space weather. These longer term effects can increase drag at lower altitudes; the 1990s expansion was a factor in reduced debris density. Another factor was fewer launches by Russia; the Soviet Union made most of their launches in the 1970s and 1980s.

At higher altitudes, where air drag is less significant, orbital decay takes longer. Slight atmospheric drag, lunar perturbations, Earth's gravity perturbations, solar wind, and solar radiation pressure can gradually bring debris down to lower altitudes (where it decays), but at very high altitudes this may take centuries. Although high altitude orbits are less commonly used than LEO and the onset of the problem is slower, the numbers progress toward the critical threshold more quickly. Many communications satellites are in geostationary orbits (GEO), clustering over specific targets and sharing the same orbital path. Although velocities are low between GEO objects, when a satellite becomes derelict (such as Telstar 401) it assumes a geosynchronous orbit; its orbital inclination increases about 0.8° and its speed increases about per year. Impact velocity peaks at about Orbital perturbations cause longitude drift of the inoperable spacecraft and precession of the orbital plane. Close approaches (within 50 meters) are estimated at one per year. The collision debris pose less short term risk than from a LEO collision, but the satellite would likely become inoperable. Large objects, such as solar power satellites, are especially vulnerable to collisions. Although the ITU now requires proof a satellite can be moved out of its orbital slot at the end of its lifespan, studies suggest this is insufficient. Since GEO orbit is too distant to accurately measure objects under , the nature of the problem is not well known. Satellites could be moved to empty spots in GEO, requiring less maneuvering and making it easier to predict future motion. Satellites or boosters in other orbits, especially stranded in geostationary transfer orbit, are an additional concern due to their typically high crossing velocity. Despite efforts to reduce risk, spacecraft collisions have occurred. The European Space Agency telecom satellite Olympus 1 was struck by a meteoroid on 11 August 1993 and eventually moved to a graveyard orbit. On 29 March 2006, the Russian Express AM11 communications satellite was struck by an unknown object and rendered inoperable; its engineers had enough contact time with the satellite to send it into a graveyard orbit.

In 1958, the United States of America launched Vanguard I into a medium Earth orbit (MEO). as of 2009, it, the upper stage of Vanguard 1's launch rocket and associated piece of debris, are the oldest surviving artificial space objects still in orbit and are expected to be until after the year 2250. as of 2022, the Union of Concerned Scientists listed 5,465 operational satellites from a known population of 27,000 pieces of orbital debris tracked by NORAD. Occasionally satellites are left in orbit when they're no longer useful. Many countries require that satellites go through passivation at the end of their life. The satellites are then either boosted into a higher, "graveyard" orbit or a lower, short term orbit. Nonetheless, satellites that have been properly moved to a higher orbit have an eight percent probability of puncture and coolant release over a 50 year period. The coolant freezes into droplets of solid sodium potassium alloy, creating more debris. Despite the use of passivation, or prior to its standardization, many satellites and rocket bodies have exploded or broken apart on orbit. In February 2015, for example, the USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Flight 13 (DMSP F13) exploded on orbit, creating at least 149 debris objects, which were expected to remain in orbit for decades. Later that same year, NOAA 16 which had been decommissioned after an anomaly in June 2014, broke apart on orbit into at least 275 pieces. For older programs, such as the Soviet era Meteor 2 and Kosmos satellites, design flaws resulted in numerous break upsat least 68 by 1994following decommissioning, resulting in more debris. In addition to the accidental creation of debris, some has been made intentionally through the deliberate destruction of satellites. This has been done as a test of anti satellite or anti ballistic missile technology, or to prevent a sensitive satellite from being examined by a foreign power. The most recent ASATs were the Chinese interception of FY 1C, Russian trials of its PL 19 Nudol, the American interception of USA 193 and India's interception of an unstated live satellite. Sunita Williams of STS 116 lost a camera during an EVA. During an STS 120 EVA to reinforce a torn solar panel, a pair of pliers was lost, and in an STS 126 EVA, Heidemarie Stefanyshyn Piper lost a briefcase sized tool bag.

A former source of debris was anti satellite weapons (ASATs) testing by the U. S. and Soviet Union during the 1960s and 1970s. North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) only collected data for Soviet tests, and debris from U. S. tests were identified subsequently. By the time the debris problem was understood, widespread ASAT testing had ended. The U. S. Program 437 was shut down in 1975. The U. S. restarted their ASAT programs in the 1980s with the Vought ASM 135 ASAT. A 1985 test destroyed a satellite orbiting at , creating thousands of debris larger than At this altitude, atmospheric drag decayed the orbit of most debris within a decade. A de facto moratorium followed the test. China's government was condemned for the military implications and the amount of debris from the 2007 anti satellite missile test, the largest single space debris incident in history (creating over 2,300 pieces golf ball size or larger, over 35,000 or larger, and one million pieces or larger). The target satellite orbited between and , the portion of near Earth space most densely populated with satellites. Since atmospheric drag is low at that altitude, the debris is slow to return to Earth, and in June 2007 NASA's Terra environmental spacecraft maneuvered to avoid impact from the debris. Brian Weeden, U. S. Air Force officer and Secure World Foundation staff member, noted that the 2007 Chinese satellite explosion created an orbital debris of more than 3,000 separate objects that then required tracking. On 20 February 2008, the U. S. launched an SM 3 missile from the USS Lake Erie to destroy a defective U. S. spy satellite thought to be carrying of toxic hydrazine propellant. The event occurred at about , and the resulting debris has a perigee of or lower. The missile was aimed to minimize the amount of debris, which (according to Pentagon Strategic Command chief Kevin Chilton) had decayed by early 2009. On 27 March 2019, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that India shot down one of its own LEO satellites with a ground based missile. He stated that the operation, part of Mission Shakti, would defend the country's interests in space. Afterwards, US Air Force Space Command announced they were tracking 270 new pieces of debris but expected the number to grow as data collection continues. On 15 November 2021, the Russian Defense Ministry destroyed Kosmos 1408 orbiting at around 450 km, creating "more than 1,500 pieces of trackable debris and hundreds of thousands of pieces of un trackable debris" according to the US State Department. The vulnerability of satellites to debris and the possibility of attacking LEO satellites to create debris clouds has triggered speculation that it is possible for countries unable to make a precision attack. An attack on a satellite of or more would heavily damage the LEO environment. Satellites are believed to have been destroyed by micrometeorites and (small) orbital debris (MMOD). The earliest suspected loss was of Kosmos 1275, which disappeared on 24 July 1981 (a month after launch). Kosmos contained no volatile fuel, therefore, there appeared to be nothing internal to the satellite which could have caused the destructive explosion which took place. However, the case has not been proven and another hypothesis forwarded is that the battery exploded. Tracking showed it broke up, into 300 objects. Many impacts have been confirmed since. For example, on 24 July 1996, the French microsatellite Cerise was hit by fragments of an Ariane 1 H 10 upper stage booster which exploded in November 1986. On 12 March 2010, Aura lost power from one half of one of its 11 solar panels and this was also attributed to an MMOD strike. On 22 May 2013, GOES 13 was hit by an MMOD which caused it to lose track of the stars that it used to maintain an operational attitude. It took nearly a month for the spacecraft to return to operation. The first major satellite collision occurred on 10 February 2009. The derelict satellite Kosmos 2251 and the operational Iridium 33 collided, 500 mile (805 km) over northern Siberia. The relative speed of impact was about , or about Both satellites were destroyed, creating thousands of pieces of new smaller debris, with legal and political liability issues unresolved even years later. On 22 January 2013, BLITS (a Russian laser ranging satellite) was struck by debris suspected to be from the 2007 Chinese anti satellite missile test, changing both its orbit and rotation rate. Satellites sometimes perform Collision Avoidance Maneuvers and satellite operators may monitor space debris as part of maneuver planning. For example, in January 2017, the European Space Agency altered the orbit of one of its three Swarm mission spacecraft, based on data from the US Joint Space Operations Center, to lower the risk of collision from Cosmos 375, a derelict Russian satellite.

Crewed flights are particularly vulnerable to space debris conjunctions in the orbital path of the spacecraft. Occasional avoidance maneuvers or longer term space debris wear have affected the space shuttle, the MIR space station, and the International Space Station.

From the early shuttle missions, NASA used NORAD space monitoring capabilities to assess the shuttle's orbital path for debris. In the 1980s, this consumed a large proportion of NORAD capacity. The first collision avoidance maneuver occurred during STS 48, in September,1991, a seven second thruster burn to avoid debris from the derelict satellite Kosmos 955. Similar maneuvers were executed on missions 53, 72 and 82. Window chipping and minor damage to thermal protection system tiles (TPS) were already common by the 1990s. The Shuttle was later flown tail first to take a greater proportion of the debris load on the engines and rear cargo bay, which are not used in orbit or during descent, and thus are less critical for post launch operation. When flying attached to the ISS, a shuttle was flipped around so the better armoured station shielded the orbiter. Executive level decision to proceed was required if the catastrophic impact was more likely than 1 in 200. On a normal (low orbit) mission to the ISS, the risk was approximately 1 in 300, but the Hubble telescope repair mission was flown at the higher orbital altitude of 350 mile (563 km) where the risk was initially calculated at a 1 in 185 (due in part to the 2009 satellite collision). A re analysis with better debris numbers reduced the estimated risk to 1 in 221, and the mission went ahead. Debris incidents continued on later Shuttle missions. During STS 115 in 2006, a fragment of circuit board bored a small hole through the radiator panels in Atlantiss cargo bay. On STS 118 in 2007, debris blew a bullet like hole through Endeavours radiator panel.

Impact wear was notable on the Soviet space station Mir, since it remained in space for long periods with its original solar module panels.

The ISS also uses Whipple shielding to protect its interior from minor debris. However, exterior portions (notably its solar panels) cannot be protected easily. In 1989, the ISS panels were predicted to degrade approximately 0.23% in four years due to the "sandblasting" effect of impacts with small orbital debris. An avoidance maneuver is typically performed for the ISS if "there is a greater than one in 10,000 chance of a debris strike". As another method to reduce the risk to humans on board, ISS operational management asked the crew to shelter in the Soyuz on three occasions due to late debris proximity warnings. In addition to the sixteen thruster firings and three Soyuz capsule shelter orders, one attempted maneuver was not completed due to not having the several days' warning necessary to upload the maneuver timeline to the station's computer. A March 2009 event involved debris believed to be a piece of the Kosmos 1275 satellite. In 2013, the ISS operations management did not make a maneuver to avoid any debris, after making a record four debris maneuvers the previous year.

The Kessler syndrome, proposed by NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler in 1978, is a theoretical scenario in which the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade effect where each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions. He further theorized that one implication, if this were to occur, is that the distribution of debris in orbit could render space activities and the use of satellites in specific orbital ranges economically impractical for many generations. The growth in the number of objects as a result of the late 1990s studies sparked debate in the space community on the nature of the problem and the earlier dire warnings. According to Kessler's 1991 derivation and 2001 updates, the LEO environment in the altitude range should be cascading. However, only one major satellite collision incident occurred: the 2009 satellite collision between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251. The lack of obvious short term cascading has led to speculation that the original estimates overstated the problem. According to Kessler in 2010 however, a cascade may not be obvious until it is well advanced, which might take years.

Although most debris burns up in the atmosphere, larger debris objects can reach the ground intact. According to NASA, an average of one cataloged piece of debris has fallen back to Earth each day for the past 50 years. Despite their size, there has been no significant property damage from the debris. Burning up in the atmosphere contributes to air pollution. Numerous small cylindrical tanks from space objects have been found, designed to hold fuel or gasses.

Radar and optical detectors such as lidar are the main tools for tracking space debris. Although objects under have reduced orbital stability, debris as small as 1 cm can be tracked, however determining orbits to allow re acquisition is difficult. Most debris remain unobserved. The NASA Orbital Debris Observatory tracked space debris with a liquid mirror transit telescope. FM Radio waves can detect debris, after reflecting off them onto a receiver. Optical tracking may be a useful early warning system on spacecraft. The U. S. Strategic Command keeps a catalog of known orbital objects, using ground based radar and telescopes, and a space based telescope (originally to distinguish from hostile missiles). The 2009 edition listed about 19,000 objects. Other data come from the ESA Space Debris Telescope, TIRA, the Goldstone, Haystack, and EISCAT radars and the Cobra Dane phased array radar, to be used in debris environment models like the ESA Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference (MASTER).

Returned space hardware is a valuable source of information on the directional distribution and composition of the (sub millimetre) debris flux. The LDEF satellite deployed by mission STS 41 C Challenger and retrieved by STS 32 Columbia spent 68 months in orbit to gather debris data. The EURECA satellite, deployed by STS 46 Atlantis in 1992 and retrieved by STS 57 Endeavour in 1993, was also used for debris study. The solar arrays of Hubble were returned by missions STS 61 Endeavour and STS 109 Columbia, and the impact craters studied by the ESA to validate its models. Materials returned from Mir were also studied, notably the Mir Environmental Effects Payload (which also tested materials intended for the ISS).

A debris cloud resulting from a single event is studied with scatter plots known as Gabbard diagrams, where the perigee and apogee of fragments are plotted with respect to their orbital period. Gabbard diagrams of the early debris cloud prior to the effects of perturbations, if the data were available, are reconstructed. They often include data on newly observed, as yet uncatalogued fragments. Gabbard diagrams can provide insights into the features of the fragmentation, the direction and point of impact.

An average of about one tracked object per day has been dropping out of orbit for the past 50 years, In addition to natural atmospheric effects, corporations, academics and government agencies have proposed plans and technology to deal with space debris, but as of 2014, most of these are theoretical, and there is no business plan for debris reduction. The different methods for removal of space debris have been evaluated by the Space Generation Advisory Council, including French astrophysicist Fatoumata Kébé.

There is no international treaty minimizing space debris. However, the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) published voluntary guidelines in 2007, using a variety of earlier national regulatory attempts at developing standards for debris mitigation. As of 2008, the committee was discussing international "rules of the road" to prevent collisions between satellites. By 2013, a number of national legal regimes existed,

The U. S. issued a set of standard practices for civilian (NASA) and military (DoD and USAF) orbital debris mitigation in 2001. There is no consensus however on what any new timeframe might be. which was a predecessor standard to the ISO international standard work that would begin the following year. In 2008, ESA further developed "its own "Requirements on Space Debris Mitigation for Agency Projects" which "came into force on 1 April 2008." The "direct retrieval" option (option no. 3 in the US "standard practices" above) has rarely been done by any spacefaring nation (exception, USAF X 37) or commercial actor since the earliest days of spaceflight due to the cost and complexity of achieving direct retrieval, but the ESA has scheduled a 2026 demonstration mission (ClearSpace 1) to do this with a single small satellite (PROBA 1) at a projected cost of €120 million not including the launch costs. In 2007, the ISO began preparing an international standard for space debris mitigation. By 2010, ISO had published "a comprehensive set of space system engineering standards aimed at mitigating space debris. [with primary requirements] defined in the top level standard, ISO 24113." By 2017, the standards were nearly complete. However, these standards are not binding on any party by ISO or any international jurisdiction. They are simply available for use in voluntary ways. They "can be adopted voluntarily by a spacecraft manufacturer or operator, or brought into effect through a commercial contract between a customer and supplier, or used as the basis for establishing a set of national regulations on space debris mitigation." The voluntary ISO standard also adopted the "25 year rule" for the "LEO protected region" below altitude that has been previously (and still is, as of 2019) used by the US, ESA, and UN mitigation standards, and identifies it as "an upper limit for the amount of time that a space system shall remain in orbit after its mission is completed. Ideally, the time to deorbit should be as short as possible (i. e., much shorter than 25 years)".

As of the 2010s, several technical approaches to the mitigation of the growth of space debris are typically undertaken, yet no comprehensive legal regime or cost assignment structure is in place to reduce space debris in the way that terrestrial pollution has reduced since the mid 20th century. To avoid excessive creation of artificial space debris, manybut not allsatellites launched to above low Earth orbit are launched initially into elliptical orbits with perigees inside Earth's atmosphere so the orbit will quickly decay and the satellites then will be destroyed upon reentry into the atmosphere. Other methods are used for spacecraft in higher orbits. These include passivation of the spacecraft at the end of its useful life; as well as the use of upper stages that can reignite to decelerate the stage to intentionally deorbit it, often on the first or second orbit following payload release; satellites that can, if they remain healthy for years, deorbit themselves from the lower orbits around Earth. Other satellites (such as many CubeSats) in low orbits below approximately orbital altitude depend on the energy absorbing effects of the upper atmosphere to reliably deorbit a spacecraft within weeks or months. Increasingly, spent upper stages in higher orbitsorbits for which low delta v deorbit is not possible, or not planned forand architectures that support satellite passivation, are passivated at end of life. This removes any internal energy contained in the vehicle at the end of its mission or useful life. While this does not remove the debris of the now derelict rocket stage or satellite itself, it does substantially reduce the likelihood of the spacecraft destructing and creating many smaller pieces of space debris, a phenomenon that was common in many of the early generations of US and Soviet SpaceX used the term "propulsive passivation" for the final maneuver of their six hour demonstration mission (STP 2) of the Falcon 9 second stage for the US Air Force in 2019, but did not define what all that term encompassed. With a "one up, one down" launch license policy for Earth orbits, launchers would rendezvous with, capture, and de orbit a derelict satellite from approximately the same orbital plane. and SpaceX is developing large scale on orbit propellant transfer technology. Another approach to debris mitigation is to explicitly design the mission architecture to leave the rocket second stage in an elliptical geocentric orbit with a low perigee, thus ensuring rapid orbital decay and avoiding long term orbital debris from spent rocket bodies. Such missions will often complete the payload placement in a final orbit by the use of low thrust electric propulsion or with the use of a small kick stage to circularize the orbit. The kick stage itself may be designed with the excess propellant capability to be able to self deorbit.

Although the ITU requires geostationary satellites to move to a graveyard orbit at the end of their lives, the selected orbital areas do not sufficiently protect GEO lanes from debris. The Iridium constellation – 95 communication satellites launched during the five year period between 1997 and 2002 – provides a set of data points on the limits of self removal. The satellite operator – Iridium Communications – remained operational over the two decade life of the satellites (albeit with a company name change through a corporate bankruptcy during the period) and, by December 2019, had "completed disposal of the last of its 65 working legacy satellites." However, this process left 30 satellites with a combined mass of (, or nearly a third of the mass of this constellation) in LEO orbits at approximately altitude, where self decay is quite slow. Of these satellites, 29 simply failed during their time in orbit and were thus unable to self deorbit, while one – Iridium 33 – was involved in the 2009 satellite collision with the derelict Russian military satellite Kosmos 2251. Other proposals include a booster stage with a sail like attachment and a large, thin, inflatable balloon envelope. In late December 2022, ESA successfully carried out a demonstration of a breaking sail based satellite deorbiter, , which could be used by mitigation measures and is part of ESA's Zero Debris Initiative. Around one year earlier, China also tested a drag sail.

A variety of approaches have been proposed, studied, or had ground subsystems built to use other spacecraft to remove existing space debris. A consensus of speakers at a meeting in Brussels in October 2012, organized by the Secure World Foundation (a U. S. think tank) and the French International Relations Institute, reported that removal of the largest debris would be required to prevent the risk to spacecraft becoming unacceptable in the foreseeable future (without any addition to the inventory of dead spacecraft in LEO). To date in 2019, removal costs and legal questions about ownership and the authority to remove defunct satellites have stymied national or international action. Current space law retains ownership of all satellites with their original operators, even debris or spacecraft which are defunct or threaten active missions. Multiple companies made plans in the late 2010s to conduct external removal on their satellites in mid LEO orbits. For example, OneWeb planned to use onboard self removal as "plan A" for satellite deorbiting at the end of life, but if a satellite were unable to remove itself within one year of end of life, OneWeb would implement "plan B" and dispatch a reusable (multi transport mission) space tug to attach to the satellite at an already built in capture target via a grappling fixture, to be towed to a lower orbit and released for re entry.

A well studied solution uses a remotely controlled vehicle to rendezvous with, capture, and return debris to a central station. One such system is Space Infrastructure Servicing, a commercially developed refueling depot and service spacecraft for communications satellites in geosynchronous orbit originally scheduled for a 2015 launch. The SIS would be able to "push dead satellites into graveyard orbits." The Advanced Common Evolved Stage family of upper stages is being designed with a high leftover propellant margin (for derelict capture and de orbit) and in space refueling capability for the high delta v required to de orbit heavy objects from geosynchronous orbit. A tug like satellite to drag debris to a safe altitude for it to burn up in the atmosphere has been researched. When debris is identified the satellite creates a difference in potential between the debris and itself, then using its thrusters to move itself and the debris to a safer orbit. A variation of this approach is for the remotely controlled vehicle to rendezvous with debris, capture it temporarily to attach a smaller de orbit satellite and drag the debris with a tether to the desired location. The "mothership" would then tow the debris smallsat combination for atmospheric entry or move it to a graveyard orbit. One such system is the proposed Busek ORbital DEbris Remover (ORDER), which would carry over 40 SUL (satellite on umbilical line) de orbit satellites and propellant sufficient for their removal. In February 2012 the Swiss Space Center at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne announced the Clean Space One project, a nanosatellite demonstration project for matching orbit with a defunct Swiss nanosatellite, capturing it and de orbiting together. The mission has seen several evolutions to reach a pac man inspired capture model. In 2013, Space Sweeper with Sling Sat (4S), a grappling satellite which captures and ejects debris was studied. In 2022, a Chinese satellite, SJ 21, grabbed an unused satellite and "threw" it into an orbit with a lower risk for it to collide. In December 2019, the European Space Agency awarded the first contract to clean up space debris. The €120 million mission dubbed ClearSpace 1 (a spinoff from the EPFL project) is slated to launch in 2026. It aims to remove the 94 kg PROBA 1 satellite from orbit.

The laser broom uses a ground based laser to ablate the front of the debris, producing a rocket like thrust that slows the object. With continued application, the debris would fall enough to be influenced by atmospheric drag. During the late 1990s, the U. S. Air Force's Project Orion was a laser broom design. Although a test bed device was scheduled to launch on a Space Shuttle in 2003, international agreements banning powerful laser testing in orbit limited its use to measurements. The 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster postponed the project and according to Nicholas Johnson, chief scientist and program manager for NASA's Orbital Debris Program Office, "There are lots of little gotchas in the Orion final report. There's a reason why it's been sitting on the shelf for more than a decade." The momentum of the laser beam photons could directly impart a thrust on the debris sufficient to move small debris into new orbits out of the way of working satellites. NASA research in 2011 indicates that firing a laser beam at a piece of space junk could impart an impulse of per second, and keeping the laser on the debris for a few hours per day could alter its course by per day. One drawback is the potential for material degradation; the energy may break up the debris, adding to the problem. A similar proposal places the laser on a satellite in Sun synchronous orbit, using a pulsed beam to push satellites into lower orbits to accelerate their reentry. and other proposals use a foamy ball of aerogel or a spray of water, inflatable balloons, electrodynamic tethers, electroadhesion, and dedicated anti satellite weapons.

On 28 February 2014, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched a test "space net" satellite. The launch was an operational test only. In December 2016 the country sent a space junk collector via Kounotori 6 to the ISS by which JAXA scientists experimented to pull junk out of orbit using a tether. The system failed to extend a 700 meter tether from a space station resupply vehicle that was returning to Earth. On 6 February the mission was declared a failure and leading researcher Koichi Inoue told reporters that they "believe the tether did not get released". Between 2012 and 2018, the European Space Agency was working on the design of a mission to remove large space debris from orbit using mechanical tentacles or nets. The mission, e. Deorbit, had an objective to remove debris heavier than from LEO. Several capture techniques were studied, including a net, a harpoon, and a combination robot arm and clamping mechanism. Funding of the mission was stopped in 2018 in favor of the ClearSpace 1 mission, which is currently under development.

The RemoveDEBRIS mission plan is to test the efficacy of several ADR technologies on mock targets in low Earth orbit. In order to complete its planned experiments the platform is equipped with a net, a harpoon, a laser ranging instrument, a dragsail, and two CubeSats (miniature research satellites). The mission was launched on 2 April 2018.

Metal processing technologies to melt space debris and transform it into other useful form factors are developed by CisLunar Industries. Their system uses electromagnetic heating to melt metal and shape it into metal wire, sheet metal, and metal fuel.

A propulsion system dubbed the Neumann Drive has been developed in Adelaide, Australia, and first sent into space in June 2023. Metal space junk is converted into fuel rods, which can be plugged into the Neumann Drive, "basically converting the solid metal propellant into plasma". The Drive will be used by American space companies which already carry nets or robotic arms to capture orbital waste. The thruster enables these satellites to return to Earth with the waste they have collected, allowing it to be melted down to make more fuel.

With the rapid development of the computer and digitalization industries, more countries and companies have engaged in space activities since the turn of the 20th century. The tragedy of the commons is an economic theory referring to a situation where maximizing self interest through using a shared resource can lead to the resource degradation shared by all. Based on the theory, individuals' rational action in space will lead to an irrational collective result: orbits crowded with debris. As a common pool resource, the Earth's orbits, especially LEO and GEO that accommodate most satellites, are nonexcludable and rivalrous. To address the tragedy and ensure space sustainability, many technical approaches have been developed. In terms of governance mechanisms, a top down centralized one is less suitable to tackle the complex debris problem due to the increasing number of space actors. Instead, a polycentric form of governance developed by Elinor Ostrom may work in space. In the process of promoting the polycentric network, there are some existing barriers needed to be dealt with.