Введение
Робототехническая миссия, отправившая марсоход Curiosity на Марс в 2012 году, космическая миссия на Марс. Идентификация = логотип миссии "Марсианская научная лаборатория". png. Программа = флагманская. Предыдущая миссия = "Кассини-Гюйгенс". Следующая миссия = "Марс 2020".
the spaceflight mission to Mars
| insignia = Mars Science Laboratory mission logo. png
| programme = Flagship
| previous mission = Cassini Huygens
| next mission = Mars 2020
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011,
Previous successful U. S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity,
Biological
(1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
(2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)
Geological and geochemical
(4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near surface geological materials
(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
(6) Assess long timescale (i. e., 4 billion year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
(7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.
"Марсианская научная лаборатория" (MSL) – это робототехническая космическая миссия на Марс, запущенная НАСА 26 ноября 2011 года. Предыдущие успешные американские марсоходы включают Sojourner из миссии "Mars Pathfinder", а также Spirit и Opportunity. Curiosity примерно в два раза длиннее и в пять раз тяжелее Spirit и Opportunity.
the spaceflight mission to Mars
| insignia = Mars Science Laboratory mission logo. png
| programme = Flagship
| previous mission = Cassini Huygens
| next mission = Mars 2020
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011,
Previous successful U. S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity,
Biological
(1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
(2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)
Geological and geochemical
(4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near surface geological materials
(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
(6) Assess long timescale (i. e., 4 billion year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
(7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.
**Биологические задачи:**
the spaceflight mission to Mars
| insignia = Mars Science Laboratory mission logo. png
| programme = Flagship
| previous mission = Cassini Huygens
| next mission = Mars 2020
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011,
Previous successful U. S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity,
Biological
(1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
(2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)
Geological and geochemical
(4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near surface geological materials
(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
(6) Assess long timescale (i. e., 4 billion year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
(7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.
(1) Определить природу и состав органических углеродных соединений.
(2) Исследовать химические строительные блоки жизни (углерод, водород, азот, кислород, фосфор и сера).
(3) Выявить признаки, которые могут свидетельствовать о воздействии биологических процессов (биосигнатуры).
the spaceflight mission to Mars
| insignia = Mars Science Laboratory mission logo. png
| programme = Flagship
| previous mission = Cassini Huygens
| next mission = Mars 2020
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011,
Previous successful U. S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity,
Biological
(1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
(2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)
Geological and geochemical
(4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near surface geological materials
(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
(6) Assess long timescale (i. e., 4 billion year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
(7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.
**Геологические и геохимические задачи:**
the spaceflight mission to Mars
| insignia = Mars Science Laboratory mission logo. png
| programme = Flagship
| previous mission = Cassini Huygens
| next mission = Mars 2020
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011,
Previous successful U. S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity,
Biological
(1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
(2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)
Geological and geochemical
(4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near surface geological materials
(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
(6) Assess long timescale (i. e., 4 billion year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
(7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.
(4) Исследовать химический, изотопный и минералогический состав поверхности и близлежащих геологических материалов Марса.
(5) Интерпретировать процессы формирования и изменения горных пород и почв.
the spaceflight mission to Mars
| insignia = Mars Science Laboratory mission logo. png
| programme = Flagship
| previous mission = Cassini Huygens
| next mission = Mars 2020
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011,
Previous successful U. S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity,
Biological
(1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
(2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)
Geological and geochemical
(4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near surface geological materials
(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
(6) Assess long timescale (i. e., 4 billion year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
(7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.
**Планетарные процессы:**
the spaceflight mission to Mars
| insignia = Mars Science Laboratory mission logo. png
| programme = Flagship
| previous mission = Cassini Huygens
| next mission = Mars 2020
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011,
Previous successful U. S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity,
Biological
(1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
(2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)
Geological and geochemical
(4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near surface geological materials
(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
(6) Assess long timescale (i. e., 4 billion year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
(7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.
(6) Оценить марсианские атмосферные процессы эволюции в долгосрочной перспективе (т.е. в течение 4 миллиардов лет).
(7) Определить текущее состояние, распределение и круговорот воды и углекислого газа.
the spaceflight mission to Mars
| insignia = Mars Science Laboratory mission logo. png
| programme = Flagship
| previous mission = Cassini Huygens
| next mission = Mars 2020
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011,
Previous successful U. S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity,
Biological
(1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
(2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)
Geological and geochemical
(4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near surface geological materials
(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
(6) Assess long timescale (i. e., 4 billion year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
(7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.
**Излучение поверхности:**
the spaceflight mission to Mars
| insignia = Mars Science Laboratory mission logo. png
| programme = Flagship
| previous mission = Cassini Huygens
| next mission = Mars 2020
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011,
Previous successful U. S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity,
Biological
(1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
(2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)
Geological and geochemical
(4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near surface geological materials
(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
(6) Assess long timescale (i. e., 4 billion year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
(7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.
(8) Характеризовать широкий спектр поверхностного излучения, включая космическое излучение, солнечные частицы и вторичные нейтроны. В рамках исследования также было измерено радиационное воздействие внутри космического аппарата во время его путешествия на Марс, и измерения радиации продолжаются при исследовании поверхности Марса. Эти данные будут важны для будущих пилотируемых миссий.
the spaceflight mission to Mars
| insignia = Mars Science Laboratory mission logo. png
| programme = Flagship
| previous mission = Cassini Huygens
| next mission = Mars 2020
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011,
Previous successful U. S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity,
Biological
(1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
(2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
(3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)
Geological and geochemical
(4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near surface geological materials
(5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils
Planetary process
(6) Assess long timescale (i. e., 4 billion year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
(7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide
Surface radiation
(8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.
Именование
В период с 23 по 29 марта 2009 года широкая публика оценила девять финалистов названий для марсохода (Adventure, Amelia, Journey, Perception, Pursuit, Sunrise, Vision, Wonder и Curiosity) посредством общественного голосования на веб-сайте NASA. Ракета-носитель "Атлас V" также использовалась для запуска орбитального аппарата "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter" и зонда "New Horizons". Эта двухступенчатая ракета включает в себя первый разгонный блок Common Core Booster (CCB), оснащенный одним двигателем РД-180, четыре твердотопливных ускорителя (SRB) и вторую ступень Centaur с обтекателем полезной нагрузки. Программа космических запусков NASA координировала запуск в рамках контракта NASA Launch Services (NLS) I.
Этап круиза
Круизный этап доставил космический аппарат MSL через космическое пространство к Марсу. Межпланетный перелет занял 253 дня и преодолел расстояние в 352 миллиона миль. Круизный этап был оснащен собственной миниатюрной двигательной установкой, состоящей из восьми двигателей, работающих на гидразине, который хранился в двух титановых баках. В декабре 2012 года поле обломков от круизного этапа было обнаружено аппаратом "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter". Поскольку известны начальные размеры, скорость, плотность и угол падения этих обломков, они позволят получить информацию о процессах удара о поверхность Марса и о свойствах его атмосферы.
Марс переносная орбита
Космический аппарат MSL покинул околоземную орбиту и был выведен на гелиоцентрическую орбиту перелета к Марсу 26 ноября 2011 года, вскоре после запуска, верхней ступенью Centaur ракеты-носителя Atlas V. Во время перелета восемь двигателей, расположенных в двух кластерах, использовались в качестве исполнительных механизмов для управления скоростью вращения и выполнения маневров коррекции траектории по оси или в плоскости. По пути круизный модуль выполнил четыре маневра коррекции траектории для корректировки пути космического аппарата к месту посадки. Информация передавалась в центр управления полетами по двум антеннам X-диапазона. Новая система EDL обеспечила посадку Curiosity в пределах посадочной эллипса, а фактическое место посадки марсохода оказалось менее чем в от намеченной цели после длительного путешествия. Фаза EDL миссии MSL на Марс заняла всего семь минут и развернулась автоматически, в соответствии с программой, разработанной инженерами JPL, в строгом порядке, с последовательностью входа в атмосферу, спуска и посадки, состоящей из четырех отдельных этапов: Управление осуществлялось совместным использованием двигателей и выбрасываемых балансирующих масс. Выбрасываемые балансирующие массы смещали центр масс капсулы, что позволяло создавать подъемную силу на атмосферном участке. Навигационный компьютер обрабатывал измерения для определения положения и ориентации капсулы, генерируя автоматические команды момента. Это была первая планетарная миссия, в которой были использованы методы точной посадки. Марсоход был сложен внутри аэрооболочки, которая защищала его во время полета в космосе и при входе в атмосферу Марса. За десять минут до входа в атмосферу аэрооболочка отделилась от круизного модуля, обеспечивавшего питание, связь и двигательную установку во время длительного перелета к Марсу. Через минуту после отделения от круизного модуля двигатели аэрооболочки включились для компенсации вращения космического аппарата со скоростью 2 оборота в минуту и привели к ориентации с тепловым щитом, направленным к Марсу, в преддверии входа в атмосферу. Концепция "небесного крана" ранее не применялась ни в одной из миссий. слоистых пород, возвышающихся примерно на над полом кратера, которые Curiosity предстоит исследовать. Место посадки представляет собой ровную область в квадранте "Yellowknife" 51 Aeolis Palus внутри кратера перед горой. Целевой площадкой для посадки была эллиптическая область, которую NASA назвала площадкой посадки марсохода Брэдбери. Посадка произошла на сол , 22 августа 2012 года. По оценкам NASA, на борту Curiosity при запуске находилось от 20 000 до 40 000 теплостойких бактериальных спор, и возможно, их реальное количество было в 1000 раз больше.