Канадские Тихоокеанские Отели: История и Эволюция

Canadian Pacific Hotels (CPH) was a division of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) that primarily operated hotels across Canada, since passenger revenue made a significant contribution to early railway profitability. CPR restructured the division as a subsidiary in 1963. In 1988, CPR purchased the Canadian National Hotels chain, making Canadian Pacific Hotels and Resorts the nation's largest hotel owner. In 1998, all CPH properties were branded as either Fairmont or Delta. In 2006, Kingdom Hotels International and Colony Capital purchased Fairmont, consolidating their hotel brands to form Fairmont Raffles Hotels International (FRHI), which in turn became a subsidiary of AccorHotels in 2016. In 2007, BC Investment Management Corp. bought Delta Hotels, which was purchased by Marriott International in 2015.

Since passenger revenue made a significant contribution to railway profitability, facilities, such as hotels, were essential for attracting passenger traffic. The three earliest locations (Mount Stephen House, Glacier House and North Bend) were initially only dining stops, necessary because steep railway grades made hauling a dining car uneconomical. Thomas Sorby's design for these three hotels was inspired by Swiss Chalets. Hotels were established mainly at locations that connected with other passenger rail or ferry routes, but some rural locations, especially in the Canadian Rockies/Selkirk Mountains, became tourist destinations in their own right. After the success of the original Banff Springs Hotel, described as a "Tudor chalet in wood", CPR lobbied the government to create Banff National Park, the first in Canada. Indisputably, national parks protected CPH's commercial interests in such localities. The opportunity to participate in mountaineering excursions, led by professional Swiss guides, featured in CPH's promotion of the respective accommodation. Scenic images, often including a hotel, illustrated the CPH publicity brochures. Urban and township land sales financed the construction of the early hotels. In the late 19th to early 20th century, CPH commonly adopted a châteauesque architectural style for building, or enlarging, significant hotels. The earliest example was Château Frontenac. Notable features included steeply pitched copper roofs, blue green from oxidation, ornate gables, dormer windows, and an irregular placement of towers and turrets. The visual appeal of this design prompted other railway companies to imitate it. CPR, or its later competitors, Canadian Northern Railway and Grand Trunk Pacific Railway that became Canadian National Railway (CN), built grandiose railway hotels in every major Canadian city. However, CPR quickly reverted to a simpler style of a flat roof and limited ornamental features when designing most city hotels. With growing automobile traffic, and tourists seeking cheaper accommodation, CPH retained only the more profitable urban and destination hotels. The resort hotels opened in summer only. Year round opening began in 1969 for Banff Springs Hotel, and in 1974 for Chateau Lake Louise. CPR restructured the division as a subsidiary in 1963.

Each bungalow camp, comprising a group of cabins with a communal lodge, was in a relatively remote forest area, reached by hiking or horseback. Although initially catering to an elite, mainly American, tourist, they ultimately attracted a broader audience. The log cabin at Lake Louise (1891–1893) was perhaps a forerunner to this concept. The subsequent adoption of the log design not only created a pioneer appearance, but also provided the necessary insulation for a cold mountainous region. CN copied the concept at Jasper Park Lodge. Despite the rustic cabin exteriors, the interiors contained the modern comforts of the period. Presented as more adventurous than a hotel stay, it was scarcely roughing it. Although primarily in the west, Ontario also had three camps. The CPH rest structures and teahouses, at scenic locations along nearby trails, similarly adopted a rustic design. Teahouses existed at Summit Lake, Twin Falls, Natural Bridge, Lake Agnes and the Plain of Six Glaciers, the latter two still operating. Most rest houses were one storey cabins at lower elevations. CPH initially encouraged automobile travel by building camps along the Banff Windermere Highway, which opened in 1923. In the 1930s, the term "bungalow" disappeared from the Canadian lexicon. When automobile vacationers switched to inexpensive campgrounds at this time, CPH disposed of the least profitable bungalow camps, followed by the remainder in the 1950s.

After a 24 year break in building or acquiring properties, CPH constructed a series of hotels and motels during 1955–1999. The larger ones mostly adopted the "Chateau" prefix. Several international properties were operated, before exiting that market.

In 1988, CPR purchased the Canadian National Hotels chain, making Canadian Pacific Hotels and Resorts the nation's largest hotel owner. In 1998, CPR purchased the Canadian Delta Hotels chain and the international Princess Hotels chain. The following year, San Francisco based Fairmont Hotels and Resorts chain was acquired. Minority shareholders were Kingdom Hotels (USA) Ltd. and Maritz Wolff & Co, each holding a 16.5 per cent interest. All CPH properties were branded as either Fairmont or Delta. In 2001, CPH was renamed Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. Later that year, Canadian Pacific Limited spun off all of its subsidiaries into separately traded companies, which included Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. In 2006, Kingdom Hotels International and Colony Capital, which also owned the Raffles and Swissôtel chains, bought Fairmont. The following year, BC Investment Management Corp. bought Delta Hotels. In 2015, AccorHotels acquired a controlling interest in FRHI, adding the Fairmont, Raffles, and Swissôtel chains to its Luxury Hotel Brands portfolio. That year Marriott International bought the Delta chain.

Name Opened Locality Disposals/Redevelopment Emerald Lake Bungalow 1901 Emerald Lake 1959 beginning of several lessee changes; 1979 Pat & Connie O'Connor acquired. Fairmont appears to still hold crown lease. Moraine Lake Bungalow 1913 Moraine Lake 1930s sold. Lake O'Hara Bungalow 1920 Lake O'Hara 1954 Brewster Ford Mountain Lodges; lodge still operates;Fairmont appears to still hold crown lease. Lake Windermere Bnglw. 1920 Lk. Windermere 1929 sublease for girls' camp. Subdivided and sold for residential properties in 1965. Lodge building relocated in 2010 and is now an events space. Yoho Valley Bungalow 1922 Yoho Nat. Park 1954 subleased; The Whiskey Jack Hostel is the only surviving building. Radium (Sinclair) HotSprings Bungalow 1923 Radium 1948 subleased to Addison; 2001 Addison's Bungalow Camp relocated. Vermilion River Bungalow 1923 Vermilion River 1929 closed; 1932 subleased to Victor H. Lord, who revived it;now known as Kootenay Park Lodge; several subsequent sublessees. Devil's Gap Bungalow 1923 Kenora 1961 sold to Austin H. Ford; 2008 abandoned;2019 partially destroyed by fire. Nipigon River Bungalow 1923 Nipigon 1935 sold to Don Gapen, who ran as Chalet Lodge for several decades;2018 Red Rock First Nation, refurbished and reopened. French River Bungalow 1923 French River 1945 sold to Clarence Honey; 1965 beginning of several ownership changes;1988–92 major renovations followed by 3 owners; now French River Lodge.

Name Opened Locality From chain/owner CP Hotels 1999 rename Mount Stephen House 1886 Field N/A Mount StephenHouse 1918 YMCA hostel;1954 largely demolished;1963 remainder demolished. Glacier House 1887 Glacier N/A Glacier House 1925 closed; 1929 demolished. Fraser Canyon House 1887 North Bend N/A N. Bend Hotel 1927 fire destroyed; 1929 rebuilt;1941 closed; 1978 demolish. Vancouver N/A Hotel Vancouver 1915 demolished after main section of new hotel completed. Banff Springs Hotel 1888 Banff N/A Banff SpringsHotel 1926 fire destroyed wooden 1888 building, leaving only 1914concrete wing. The Algonquin Resort 1889 St. Andrews 1905 St. AndrewsLand Co. TheAlgonquinResort 1914 fire destroyed 1889 building;2012 sold; 2013 MarriottAutograph Collection. Cornwallis Hotel 1892 Kentville 1911 Cornwallis Inn 1963 Franklin brothers; 1976 closed;Don Wallace appt/off. conversion. Château Frontenac 1893 Quebec City N/A ChâteauFrontenac Chateau Lake Louise 1894 Banff N/A ChateauLake Louise 1924 fire destroyed woodenbuilding, leaving only 1912 concrete wing. Hotel Revelstoke 1897 Place Viger Hotel/Stn. 1898 Montreal N/A Place VigerHotel/Stn. 1935 closed & disused;2020 under redevelopment. Manoir Richelieu 1899 La Malbaie 1998 RayMalenfant ManoirRichelieu 1928 fire destroyed 1899 building. Hotel Sicamous 19001964 demolished. The Inn 1919 land swap with town; Station Hotel now museum. The Pines, Digby 1903 Digby 1917 Harry B. Churchill The Pines,Digby 1928 closed 1903 building;1965 Nova Scotia government property;2001 NS Signature property. Royal Alexandra Hotel 1906 The Empress (hotel) 1908 Victoria N/A TheEmpress Kootenay Lake Hotel 1911 Cameron LakeChalet/Station 1912 CameronLake N/A Cameron LakeChalet 1966 closed;1970 demolished. Incola Hotel Hotel Incola 19121950 sold to Hencott Houses;1959 sold to Jack C. Young;1966–1975 multiple owners;1979 closed; 1981 demolished. Hotel Macdonald 1915 Edmonton 1988 HotelMacdonald 1983 demolition of 1953 extension. Hotel Vancouver 1916 Vancouver N/A Hotel Vancouver 1939 repurposed as World War II barracks; 1946 veteran housing; 1948 vacated; 1949 demolished. Jasper Park Lodge 1922 Jasper 1988 Jasper ParkLodge 1952 fire destroyed 1923 lodge. Newfoundland Hotel 1926 St. John's 1988 HotelNewfoundland 2009 Sheraton Newfoundland. Hotel Saskatchewan 1927 Regina N/A HotelSaskatchewan 1980 onwards various operators;1993 Radisson property;2015 MarriottAutograph Collection. Lord Nelson Hotel 1928 Halifax N/A Lord NelsonHotel 1947 sold to local interests. Royal York Hotel 1929 Toronto N/A Royal YorkHotel Château Montebello 1930 Montebello N/A ChâteauMontebello 1930 leased by Seigniory Club;1970 CP resumed operation. Lakeside Inn 1931 Yarmouth N/A Lakeside Inn 1960 sold to be nursing home. Hotel Vancouver (3rd) 1939 Vancouver 1988 HotelVancouver Timberline Hotel 1955 Banff 1963 TimberlineHotel Ltd. Timberline Hotel 1966 terminated lease;2005 renamed the Juniper Hotelby Decore Hotels. The Queen ElizabethHotel 1958 Montreal 1988 QueenElizabethHotel Chateau Lacombe Hotel 1966 Edmonton N/A ChateauLacombe Hotel 1991 Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza;1995 Crowne Plaza ChateauLacombe; 2013 independent. Château Champlain 1967 Montreal N/A ChâteauChamplain 1995 Montreal MarriottChâteau Champlain. Winnipeg Inn Westin Hotel Winnipeg 1970 Winnipeg 1998 WestinHotels The Lombard Le Baron Hotel 1970 Trois Rivières N/A Le Baron Choice Hotel Urbania;2012 rename Rodeway Inn. Northstar Inn 1971 Winnipeg N/A Northstar Inn 1983 Delta; 1998 Radisson. Red Oak Inn 1972 Brandon N/A Red Oak Inn 1982 Royal Oak Inn;1990 Genesis acquired;2017 Choice ClarionHotel & Suites. Hotel Beauséjour 1972 Moncton 1988 HotelBeauséjour Chateau Halifax 1973 Halifax N/A Chateau Halifax 2019 SilverBirch Hotel Halifax Red Oak Inn 1974 Thunder Bay N/A Red Oak Inn 1993 Victoria Inn Hotel& Convention Centre Red Oak Inn 1974 Peterborough N/A Red Oak Inn 1998 Princess Gardensseniors residence. Le Châteaude l'Aéroport 1977 Mirabel N/A Le Châteaude l'Aéroport 2002 hotel abandoned; 2004 airport abandoned. Chateau CalgaryAirport 1979
Calgary N/A ChateauCalgary Apt. Prince Edward Hotel 1982 Charlottetown N/A Prince EdwardHotel Sheraton Toronto East 1982 Scarborough 1998 Sheraton Hotel/Lodge Kananaskis 1987 KananaskisVillage N/A Hotel/LodgeKananaskis 2015 Marriott PomeroyKananaskis Mtn. Lodge. Chateau Whistler 1989 Whistler N/A ChateauWhistler Skydome Hotel 1989 DowntownToronto N/A Skydome Hotel 1999 Renaissance Toronto Dtn;2017 rename Toronto Marriott City Centre Hotel. Waterfront Centre 1991 Vancouver N/A WaterfrontCentre Chateau Mt. Tremblant 1996 Mt Tremblant N/A Chateau Mt. Tremblant Vancouver Airport Place 1999 Richmond N/A VancouverAirport Place

Name Opened Locality 1999 rename Disposals/Redevelopment The Hamilton Princess 1884 Pembroke, Bermuda Pierre Marques 1958 Acapulco, Mexico 2015 independent: The Pierre Mundo Imperial Acapulco Princess 1971 Acapulco, Mexico 2015 independent: The Princess Mundo Imperial The Southampton Princess 1972 Southampton Parish, Bermuda Princess Glitter Bay 1981 Saint James, Barbados 2004 sold;2006 converted to Royal Glitter Bay Villas. Royal Pavilion 1987 Saint James, Barbados Scottsdale Princess 1987 Scottsdale, Arizona