Ключевые события мировой истории

338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean. 216 BC – The Carthaginian army led by Hannibal defeats a numerically superior Roman army at the Battle of Cannae. 49 BC – Caesar, who marched to Spain earlier in the year leaving Marcus Antonius in charge of Italy, defeats Pompey's general Afranius and Petreius in Ilerda (Lerida) north of the Ebro river. 461 – Majorian is arrested near Tortona (northern Italy) and deposed by the Suebian general Ricimer as puppet emperor. 932 – After a two year siege, the city of Toledo, in Spain, surrenders to the forces of the Caliph of Córdoba Abd al Rahman III, assuming an important victory in his campaign to subjugate the Central March. 1274 – Edward I of England returns from the Ninth Crusade and is crowned King seventeen days later. 1343 – After the execution of her husband, Jeanne de Clisson sells her estates and raises a force of men with which to attack French shipping and ports. 1377 – Russian troops are defeated by forces of the Blue Horde Khan Arapsha in the Battle on Pyana River. 1415 – Thomas Grey is executed for participating in the Southampton Plot. 1492 – The Jews are expelled from Spain: 40,000–200,000 leave. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire, learning of this, dispatches the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Thessaloniki (in modern day Greece) and İzmir (in modern day Turkey).

1610 – During Henry Hudson's search for the Northwest Passage, he sails into what is now known as Hudson Bay. 1776 – The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence took place. 1790 – The first United States Census is conducted. 1798 – French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of the Nile concludes in a British victory. 1830 – Charles X of France abdicates the throne in favor of his grandson Henri. 1858 – The Government of India Act 1858 replaces Company rule in India with that of the British Raj. 1869 – Japan's Edo society class system is abolished as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms. 1870 – Tower Subway, the world's first underground tube railway, opens in London, England, United Kingdom. 1873 – The Clay Street Hill Railroad begins operating the first cable car in San Francisco's famous cable car system. 1897 – Anglo Afghan War: The Siege of Malakand ends when a relief column is able to reach the British garrison in the Malakand states.

1903 – The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottoman Empire begins. 1914 – The German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I begins. 1916 – World War I: Austrian sabotage causes the sinking of the Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci in Taranto. 1918 – The first general strike in Canadian history takes place in Vancouver. 1922 – A typhoon hits Shantou, Republic of China, killing more than 50,000 people. 1923 – Vice President Calvin Coolidge becomes U. S. President upon the death of President Warren G. Harding. 1932 – The positron (antiparticle of the electron) is discovered by Carl D. Anderson. 1934 – Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany following the death of President Paul von Hindenburg. 1937 – The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 is passed in America, the effect of which is to render marijuana and all its by products illegal. 1939 – Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard write a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, urging him to begin the Manhattan Project to develop a nuclear weapon. 1943 – The Holocaust: Jewish prisoners stage a revolt at Treblinka, one of the deadliest of Nazi death camps where approximately 900,000 persons were murdered in less than 18 months. 1943 – World War II: The Motor Torpedo Boat PT 109 is rammed by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri and sinks. Lt. John F. Kennedy, future U. S. president, saves all but two of his crew. 1944 – ASNOM: Birth of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, celebrated as Day of the Republic in North Macedonia. 1944 – World War II: The largest trade convoy of the world wars arrives safely in the Western Approaches. 1945 – World War II: End of the Potsdam Conference. 1947 – A British South American Airways Avro Lancastrian airliner crashes into a mountain during a flight from Buenos Aires, Argentina to Santiago, Chile. The wreckage would not be found until 1998. 1968 – An earthquake hits Casiguran, Aurora, Philippines killing more than 270 people and wounding 261. 1973 – A flash fire kills 50 people at the Summerland amusement centre at Douglas, Isle of Man. 1980 – A bomb explodes at the railway station in Bologna, Italy, killing 85 people and wounding more than 200. 1982 – The Helsinki Metro, the first rapid transit system of Finland, is opened to the general public. 1985 – Delta Air Lines Flight 191, a Lockheed L 1011 TriStar, crashes at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport killing 137. 1989 – Pakistan is re admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations after having restored democracy for the first time since 1972. 1989 – A massacre is carried out by an Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka killing 64 ethnic Tamil civilians. 1990 – Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War. 1999 – The Gaisal train disaster claims 285 lives in Assam, India. 2005 – Air France Flight 358 lands at Toronto Pearson International Airport and runs off the runway, causing the plane to burst into flames leaving 12 injuries and no fatalities. 2014 – At least 146 people were killed and more than 114 injured in a factory explosion in Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.

1260 – Kyawswa of Pagan, last ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (d. 1299)
1455 – John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1499)
1533 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss physician and scholar (d. 1588)
1549 – Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (d. 1616)

1612 – Saskia van Uylenburgh, Dutch model and wife of Rembrandt van Rijn (d. 1642)
1627 – Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten, Dutch painter (d. 1678)
1630 – Estephan El Douaihy, Maronite patriarch (d. 1704)
1646 – Jean Baptiste du Casse, French admiral and buccaneer (d. 1715)
1672 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss paleontologist and scholar (d. 1733)
1674 – Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (d. 1723)
1696 – Mahmud I, Ottoman sultan (d. 1754)
1702 – Dietrich of Anhalt Dessau (d. 1769)
1703 – Lorenzo Ricci, Italian religious leader, 18th Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1775)
1740 – Jean Baptiste Camille Canclaux, French general (d. 1817)
1754 – Pierre Charles L'Enfant, French American architect and engineer, designed Washington, D. C. (d. 1825)
1788 – Leopold Gmelin, German chemist and academic (d. 1853)
1815 – Adolf Friedrich von Schack, German poet and historian (d. 1894)
1820 – John Tyndall, Irish English physicist and mountaineer (d. 1893)
1828 – Manuel Pavía y Rodríguez de Alburquerque, Spanish general (d. 1895)
1834 – Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, French sculptor, designed the Statue of Liberty (d. 1904)
1835 – Elisha Gray, American businessman, co founded Western Electric (d. 1901)
1861 – Prafulla Chandra Ray, Indian chemist and academic (d. 1944)
1865 – Irving Babbitt, American academic and critic (d. 1933)
1865 – John Radecki, Australian stained glass artist (d. 1955)
1867 – Ernest Dowson, English poet, novelist, and short story writer (d. 1900)
1868 – Constantine I of Greece (d. 1923)
1870 – Marianne Weber, German sociologist and suffragist (d. 1954)
1871 – John French Sloan, American painter and illustrator (d. 1951)
1872 – George E. Stewart, Australian American colonel, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1946)
1876 – Pingali Venkayya, Indian geologist, designed the Flag of India (d. 1963)
1877 – Ravishankar Shukla, Indian lawyer and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (d. 1956)
1878 – Aino Kallas, Finnish Estonian author (d. 1956)
1880 – Arthur Dove, American painter and educator (d. 1946)
1882 – Red Ames, American baseball player and manager (d. 1936)
1882 – Albert Bloch, American painter and academic (d. 1961)
1884 – Rómulo Gallegos, Venezuelan author and politician, 46th President of Venezuela (d. 1969)
1886 – John Alexander Douglas McCurdy, Canadian pilot and politician, 20th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (d. 1961)
1887 – Oskar Anderson, Bulgarian German mathematician and statistician (d. 1960)
1889 – Margaret Lawrence, American stage actress (d. 1929)
1891 – Arthur Bliss, English composer and conductor (d. 1975)
1891 – Viktor Zhirmunsky, Russian linguist and historian (d. 1971)
1892 – Jack L. Warner, Canadian born American production manager and producer, co founded Warner Bros. (d. 1978)
1894 – Bertha Lutz, Brazilian feminist and scientist (d. 1976)
1895 – Matt Henderson, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1970)
1897 – Karl Otto Koch, German SS officer (d. 1945)
1897 – Max Weber, Swiss lawyer and politician (d. 1974)
1898 – Ernő Nagy, Hungarian fencer (d. 1977)
1899 – Charles Bennett, English director and screenwriter (d. 1995)
1900 – Holling C. Holling, American author and illustrator (d. 1973)
1900 – Helen Morgan, American actress and singer (d. 1941)

1605 – Richard Leveson, English admiral (b. c. 1570)
1611 – Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese daimyō (b. 1562)
1667 – Francesco Borromini, Swiss architect, designed San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and Sant'Agnese in Agone (b. 1599)
1696 – Robert Campbell of Glenlyon (b. 1630)
1769 – Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea, English politician, Lord President of the Council (b. 1689)
1788 – Thomas Gainsborough, English painter (b. 1727)
1799 – Jacques Étienne Montgolfier, French inventor, co invented the hot air balloon (b. 1745)
1815 – Guillaume Brune, French general and politician (b. 1763)
1823 – Lazare Carnot, French mathematician, general, and politician, president of the National Convention (b. 1753)
1834 – Harriet Arbuthnot, English diarist (b. 1793)
1849 – Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Ottoman Albanian commander (b. 1769)
1854 – Heinrich Clauren, German author (b. 1771)
1859 – Horace Mann, American educator and politician (b. 1796)
1876 – "Wild Bill" Hickok, American sheriff (b. 1837)
1889 – Eduardo Gutiérrez, Argentinian author (b. 1851)
1890 – Louise Victorine Ackermann, French poet and author (b. 1813)

1903 – Eduard Magnus Jakobson, Estonian missionary and engraver (b. 1847)
1903 – Edmond Nocard, French veterinarian and microbiologist (b. 1850)
1911 – Ioryi Mucitano, Aromanian revolutionary
1913 – Ferenc Pfaff, Hungarian architect and academic, designed Zagreb Central Station (b. 1851)
1915 – John Downer, Australian politician, 16th premier of South Australia (b. 1843)
1917 – Jaan Mahlapuu, Estonian military pilot (b. 1894)
1921 – Enrico Caruso, Italian tenor and actor (b. 1873)
1922 – Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish Canadian engineer, invented the telephone (b. 1847)
1923 – Warren G. Harding, American journalist and politician, 29th president of the United States (b. 1865)
1923 – Joseph Whitty, Irish Republican died on hunger strike during the 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes (b. 1904)
1934 – Paul von Hindenburg, German field marshal and politician, 2nd president of Germany (b. 1847)
1937 – Artur Sirk, Estonian soldier, lawyer, and politician (b. 1900)
1939 – Harvey Spencer Lewis, American mystic and author (b. 1883)
1945 – Pietro Mascagni, Italian composer and educator (b. 1863)
1955 – Alfred Lépine, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1901)
1955 – Wallace Stevens, American poet and educator (b. 1879)
1963 – Oliver La Farge, American anthropologist and author (b. 1901)
1967 – Walter Terence Stace, English American epistemologist, philosopher, and academic (b. 1886)
1970 – Angus MacFarlane Grieve, English academic, mathematician, rower, and soldier (b. 1891)
1972 – Brian Cole, American bass player (b. 1942)
1972 – Paul Goodman, American psychotherapist and author (b. 1911)
1972 – Helen Hoyt, American poet and author (b. 1887)
1973 – Ismail Abdul Rahman, Former Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia (b. 1915)
1973 – Jean Pierre Melville, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1917)
1974 – Douglas Hawkes, English race car driver and businessman (b. 1893)
1976 – László Kalmár, Hungarian mathematician and academic (b. 1905)
1976 – Fritz Lang, Austrian American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1890)
1978 – Carlos Chávez, Mexican composer and conductor (b. 1899)
1978 – Antony Noghès, French businessman, founded the Monaco Grand Prix (b. 1890)
1979 – Thurman Munson, American baseball player (b. 1947)
1981 – Kieran Doherty, Irish hunger striker and politician (b. 1955)
1981 – Stefanie Clausen, Danish diver (b. 1900)
1983 – James Jamerson, American bass player (b. 1936)
1986 – Roy Cohn, American lawyer and politician (b. 1927)
1988 – Joe Carcione, American activist and author (b. 1914)
1988 – Raymond Carver, American short story writer and poet (b. 1938)
1990 – Norman Maclean, American short story writer and essayist (b. 1902)
1990 – Edwin Richfield, English actor and screenwriter (b. 1921)
1992 – Michel Berger, French singer songwriter and producer (b. 1947)
1996 – Michel Debré, French lawyer and politician, 150th prime minister of France (b. 1912)
1996 – Obdulio Varela, Uruguayan footballer and manager (b. 1917)
1996 – Mohamed Farrah Aidid, Somalian general and politician, 5th president of Somalia (b. 1934)
1997 – William S. Burroughs, American novelist, short story writer, and essayist (b. 1914)
1997 – Harald Kihle, Norwegian painter and illustrator (b. 1905)
1997 – Fela Kuti, Nigerian singer songwriter and activist (b. 1938)
1998 – Shari Lewis, American television host and puppeteer (b. 1933)
1999 – Willie Morris, American writer (b. 1934)
2003 – Peter Safar, Austrian American physician and academic (b. 1924)
2004 – Ferenc Berényi, Hungarian painter and academic (b. 1929)
2004 – François Craenhals, Belgian illustrator (b. 1926)
2004 – Heinrich Mark, Estonian lawyer and politician, 5th prime minister of Estonia in exile (b. 1911)
2005 – Steven Vincent, American journalist and author (b. 1955)
2007 – Chauncey Bailey, American journalist (b. 1950)
2008 – Fujio Akatsuka, Japanese illustrator (b. 1935)
2011 – José Sanchis Grau, Spanish author and illustrator (b. 1932)
2012 – Gabriel Horn, English biologist and academic (b. 1927)
2012 – Magnus Isacsson, Canadian director and producer (b. 1948)
2012 – Jimmy Jones, American singer songwriter (b. 1930)
2012 – John Keegan, English historian and journalist (b. 1934)
2012 – Bernd Meier, German footballer (b. 1972)
2012 – Marguerite Piazza, American soprano (b. 1920)
2013 – Julius L. Chambers, American lawyer and activist (b. 1936)
2013 – Richard E. Dauch, American businessman, co founded American Axle (b. 1942)
2013 – Alla Kushnir, Russian–Israeli chess player (b. 1941)
2014 – Ed Joyce, American journalist (b. 1932)
2014 – Billie Letts, American author and educator (b. 1938)
2014 – Barbara Prammer, Austrian social worker and politician (b. 1954)
2014 – James Thompson, American Finnish author (b. 1964)
2015 – Forrest Bird, American pilot and engineer (b. 1921)
2015 – Giovanni Conso, Italian jurist and politician, Italian Minister of Justice (b. 1922)
2015 – Piet Fransen, Dutch footballer (b. 1936)
2015 – Jack Spring, American baseball player (b. 1933)
2016 – Terence Bayler, New Zealand actor (b. 1930)
2016 – David Huddleston, American actor (b. 1930)
2016 – Franciszek Macharski, Polish cardinal (b. 1927)
2016 – Ahmed Zewail, Egyptian American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1946)
2017 – Judith Jones, American literary and cookbook editor (b. 1924)
2020 – Suzanne Perlman, Hungarian Dutch visual artist (b. 1922)
2022 – Vin Scully, American sportscaster and game show host (b. 1927)
2023 – Nitin Chandrakant Desai, Indian art director, production designer, and film and television producer (b. 1965)