Введение
Физическая константа, эквивалентная константе Болцмана, но в разных единицах. Значение R. Единицы СИ: 8.31446261815324 Дж⋅К−1⋅моль−1. 8.31446261815324 м3⋅Па⋅К−1⋅моль−1. 8.31446261815324 кг⋅м2⋅с−2⋅К−1⋅моль−1. Другие распространенные единицы: 8314.46261815324 л⋅Па⋅К−1⋅моль−1. 8.31446261815324 л⋅кПа⋅К−1⋅моль−1. 0.0831446261815324 л⋅бар⋅К−1⋅моль−1. 8.31446261815324 эрг⋅К−1⋅моль−1. 0.730240507295273 атм⋅фт3⋅лбмоль−1⋅°R−1. 10.731577089016 пси⋅фт3⋅лбмоль−1⋅°R−1. 1.985875279009 БТЕ⋅лбмоль−1⋅°R−1. 297.031214 дюйм вод. ст⋅фт3⋅лбмоль−1⋅°R−1. 554.984319180 торр⋅фт3⋅лбмоль−1⋅°R−1. 0.082057366080960 л⋅атм⋅К−1⋅моль−1. 62.363598221529 л⋅торр⋅К−1⋅моль−1. 1.98720425864083 кал⋅К−1⋅моль−1. 8.20573660809596 м3⋅атм⋅К−1⋅моль−1.
Value of R UnitSI units 8.31446261815324 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 m3⋅Pa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅K−1⋅mol−1Other common units 8314.46261815324 L⋅Pa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 L⋅kPa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 0.0831446261815324 L⋅bar⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 erg⋅K−1⋅mol−1 0.730240507295273 atm⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 10.731577089016 psi⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 1.985875279009 BTU⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 297.031214 inH2O⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 554.984319180 torr⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 0.082057366080960 L⋅atm⋅K−1⋅mol−1 62.363598221529 L⋅torr⋅K−1⋅mol−1 1.98720425864083 cal⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.20573660809596 m3⋅atm⋅K−1⋅mol−1
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance, rather than energy per temperature increment per particle. The constant is also a combination of the constants from Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and Gay Lussac's law. It is a physical constant that is featured in many fundamental equations in the physical sciences, such as the ideal gas law, the Arrhenius equation, and the Nernst equation. The gas constant is the constant of proportionality that relates the energy scale in physics to the temperature scale and the scale used for amount of substance. Thus, the value of the gas constant ultimately derives from historical decisions and accidents in the setting of units of energy, temperature and amount of substance. The Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant were similarly determined, which separately relate energy to temperature and particle count to amount of substance. The gas constant R is defined as the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the Boltzmann constant k (or kB):
Since the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, both NA and k are defined with exact numerical values when expressed in SI units. As a consequence, the SI value of the molar gas constant is exactly 8.31446261815324. Some have suggested that it might be appropriate to name the symbol R the Regnault constant in honour of the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault, whose accurate experimental data were used to calculate the early value of the constant. However, the origin of the letter R to represent the constant is elusive. The universal gas constant was apparently introduced independently by Clausius' student, A. F. Horstmann (1873) and Dmitri Mendeleev who reported it first on Sep. 12, 1874. Using his extensive measurements of the properties of gases,
Mendeleev also calculated it with high precision, within 0.3% of its modern value. The gas constant occurs in the ideal gas law:
where P is the absolute pressure, V is the volume of gas, n is the amount of substance, m is the mass, and T is the thermodynamic temperature. Rspecific is the mass specific gas constant. The gas constant is expressed in the same unit as are molar entropy and molar heat.
Молярная газовая постоянная (также известная как газовая постоянная, универсальная газовая постоянная или идеальная газовая постоянная) обозначается символом R. Это молярный эквивалент константы Болцмана, выраженный в единицах энергии на прирост температуры на количество вещества, а не энергии на прирост температуры на частицу. Эта постоянная также является комбинацией констант из закона Бойля, закона Шарля, закона Авогадро и закона Гей-Люссака. Это физическая константа, которая фигурирует во многих фундаментальных уравнениях в физических науках, таких как закон идеального газа, уравнение Аррениуса и уравнение Нернста. Газовая постоянная — это константа пропорциональности, которая связывает энергетическую шкалу в физике со шкалой температуры и шкалой, используемой для количества вещества. Таким образом, значение газовой постоянной в конечном итоге происходит из исторических решений и случайностей при установлении единиц энергии, температуры и количества вещества. Константа Болцмана и константа Авогадро были определены аналогичным образом, связывая энергию с температурой и число частиц с количеством вещества. Газовая постоянная R определяется как константа Авогадро NA, умноженная на константу Болцмана k (или kB):
Value of R UnitSI units 8.31446261815324 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 m3⋅Pa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅K−1⋅mol−1Other common units 8314.46261815324 L⋅Pa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 L⋅kPa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 0.0831446261815324 L⋅bar⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 erg⋅K−1⋅mol−1 0.730240507295273 atm⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 10.731577089016 psi⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 1.985875279009 BTU⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 297.031214 inH2O⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 554.984319180 torr⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 0.082057366080960 L⋅atm⋅K−1⋅mol−1 62.363598221529 L⋅torr⋅K−1⋅mol−1 1.98720425864083 cal⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.20573660809596 m3⋅atm⋅K−1⋅mol−1
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance, rather than energy per temperature increment per particle. The constant is also a combination of the constants from Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and Gay Lussac's law. It is a physical constant that is featured in many fundamental equations in the physical sciences, such as the ideal gas law, the Arrhenius equation, and the Nernst equation. The gas constant is the constant of proportionality that relates the energy scale in physics to the temperature scale and the scale used for amount of substance. Thus, the value of the gas constant ultimately derives from historical decisions and accidents in the setting of units of energy, temperature and amount of substance. The Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant were similarly determined, which separately relate energy to temperature and particle count to amount of substance. The gas constant R is defined as the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the Boltzmann constant k (or kB):
Since the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, both NA and k are defined with exact numerical values when expressed in SI units. As a consequence, the SI value of the molar gas constant is exactly 8.31446261815324. Some have suggested that it might be appropriate to name the symbol R the Regnault constant in honour of the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault, whose accurate experimental data were used to calculate the early value of the constant. However, the origin of the letter R to represent the constant is elusive. The universal gas constant was apparently introduced independently by Clausius' student, A. F. Horstmann (1873) and Dmitri Mendeleev who reported it first on Sep. 12, 1874. Using his extensive measurements of the properties of gases,
Mendeleev also calculated it with high precision, within 0.3% of its modern value. The gas constant occurs in the ideal gas law:
where P is the absolute pressure, V is the volume of gas, n is the amount of substance, m is the mass, and T is the thermodynamic temperature. Rspecific is the mass specific gas constant. The gas constant is expressed in the same unit as are molar entropy and molar heat.
С момента переопределения основных единиц СИ в 2019 году и NA, и k определяются с точными числовыми значениями при выражении в единицах СИ. Следовательно, значение СИ молярной газовой постоянной равно точно 8.31446261815324. Некоторые предлагают назвать символ R постоянной Регно в честь французского химика Анри Виктора Регно, чьи точные экспериментальные данные были использованы для расчета раннего значения постоянной. Однако происхождение буквы R для обозначения постоянной остается неясным. Универсальная газовая постоянная была, по-видимому, независимо введена учеником Клаузиуса А. Ф. Хорстманом (1873) и Дмитрием Менделеевым, который впервые сообщил о ней 12 сентября 1874 года. Используя свои обширные измерения свойств газов, Менделеев также рассчитал ее с высокой точностью, в пределах 0,3% от ее современного значения. Газовая постоянная встречается в законе идеального газа:
Value of R UnitSI units 8.31446261815324 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 m3⋅Pa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅K−1⋅mol−1Other common units 8314.46261815324 L⋅Pa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 L⋅kPa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 0.0831446261815324 L⋅bar⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 erg⋅K−1⋅mol−1 0.730240507295273 atm⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 10.731577089016 psi⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 1.985875279009 BTU⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 297.031214 inH2O⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 554.984319180 torr⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 0.082057366080960 L⋅atm⋅K−1⋅mol−1 62.363598221529 L⋅torr⋅K−1⋅mol−1 1.98720425864083 cal⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.20573660809596 m3⋅atm⋅K−1⋅mol−1
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance, rather than energy per temperature increment per particle. The constant is also a combination of the constants from Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and Gay Lussac's law. It is a physical constant that is featured in many fundamental equations in the physical sciences, such as the ideal gas law, the Arrhenius equation, and the Nernst equation. The gas constant is the constant of proportionality that relates the energy scale in physics to the temperature scale and the scale used for amount of substance. Thus, the value of the gas constant ultimately derives from historical decisions and accidents in the setting of units of energy, temperature and amount of substance. The Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant were similarly determined, which separately relate energy to temperature and particle count to amount of substance. The gas constant R is defined as the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the Boltzmann constant k (or kB):
Since the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, both NA and k are defined with exact numerical values when expressed in SI units. As a consequence, the SI value of the molar gas constant is exactly 8.31446261815324. Some have suggested that it might be appropriate to name the symbol R the Regnault constant in honour of the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault, whose accurate experimental data were used to calculate the early value of the constant. However, the origin of the letter R to represent the constant is elusive. The universal gas constant was apparently introduced independently by Clausius' student, A. F. Horstmann (1873) and Dmitri Mendeleev who reported it first on Sep. 12, 1874. Using his extensive measurements of the properties of gases,
Mendeleev also calculated it with high precision, within 0.3% of its modern value. The gas constant occurs in the ideal gas law:
where P is the absolute pressure, V is the volume of gas, n is the amount of substance, m is the mass, and T is the thermodynamic temperature. Rspecific is the mass specific gas constant. The gas constant is expressed in the same unit as are molar entropy and molar heat.
где P — абсолютное давление, V — объем газа, n — количество вещества, m — масса, а T — термодинамическая температура. Rспецифическая — это удельная газовая постоянная для массы. Газовая постоянная выражается в той же единице, что и молярная энтропия и молярная теплота.
Value of R UnitSI units 8.31446261815324 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 m3⋅Pa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅K−1⋅mol−1Other common units 8314.46261815324 L⋅Pa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 L⋅kPa⋅K−1⋅mol−1 0.0831446261815324 L⋅bar⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.31446261815324 erg⋅K−1⋅mol−1 0.730240507295273 atm⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 10.731577089016 psi⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 1.985875279009 BTU⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 297.031214 inH2O⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 554.984319180 torr⋅ft3⋅lbmol−1⋅°R−1 0.082057366080960 L⋅atm⋅K−1⋅mol−1 62.363598221529 L⋅torr⋅K−1⋅mol−1 1.98720425864083 cal⋅K−1⋅mol−1 8.20573660809596 m3⋅atm⋅K−1⋅mol−1
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance, rather than energy per temperature increment per particle. The constant is also a combination of the constants from Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and Gay Lussac's law. It is a physical constant that is featured in many fundamental equations in the physical sciences, such as the ideal gas law, the Arrhenius equation, and the Nernst equation. The gas constant is the constant of proportionality that relates the energy scale in physics to the temperature scale and the scale used for amount of substance. Thus, the value of the gas constant ultimately derives from historical decisions and accidents in the setting of units of energy, temperature and amount of substance. The Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant were similarly determined, which separately relate energy to temperature and particle count to amount of substance. The gas constant R is defined as the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the Boltzmann constant k (or kB):
Since the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, both NA and k are defined with exact numerical values when expressed in SI units. As a consequence, the SI value of the molar gas constant is exactly 8.31446261815324. Some have suggested that it might be appropriate to name the symbol R the Regnault constant in honour of the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault, whose accurate experimental data were used to calculate the early value of the constant. However, the origin of the letter R to represent the constant is elusive. The universal gas constant was apparently introduced independently by Clausius' student, A. F. Horstmann (1873) and Dmitri Mendeleev who reported it first on Sep. 12, 1874. Using his extensive measurements of the properties of gases,
Mendeleev also calculated it with high precision, within 0.3% of its modern value. The gas constant occurs in the ideal gas law:
where P is the absolute pressure, V is the volume of gas, n is the amount of substance, m is the mass, and T is the thermodynamic temperature. Rspecific is the mass specific gas constant. The gas constant is expressed in the same unit as are molar entropy and molar heat.
Стандартная атмосфера США
Стандартная атмосфера США, 1976 (USSA1976) определяет газовую константу R∗ как:
R∗ = 8.31432 = 8.31432. Обратите внимание на использование киломолей, что приводит к коэффициенту 1000 в этой константе. USSA1976 признает, что это значение не согласуется с указанными значениями постоянной Авогадро и постоянной Больцмана. Это расхождение не оказывает существенного влияния на точность, и USSA1976 использует это значение R∗ для всех расчетов стандартной атмосферы. При использовании значения R, установленного ISO, рассчитанное давление увеличивается всего на 0,62 паскаля на высоте 11 километров (что эквивалентно разнице всего в 17,4 сантиметра или 6,8 дюйма) и на 0,292 Па на высоте 20 км (что эквивалентно разнице всего в 33,8 см или 13,2 дюйма). Следует также отметить, что это было до переопределения системы СИ в 2019 году, в результате которого константе было присвоено точное значение.