Австрия: История Бабенбергов и Габсбургов

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From 976 until 1246, the Margraviate of Austria and its successor, the Duchy of Austria, was ruled by the House of Babenberg. At that time, those states were part of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1246 until 1918, the duchy and its successor, the Archduchy of Austria, was ruled by the House of Habsburg. Following the defeat of Austria Hungary in World War I, the titles were abolished or fell into abeyance with the erection of the modern Republic of Austria.

The March of Austria, also known as Marcha Orientalis, was first formed in 976 out of the lands that had once been the March of Pannonia in Carolingian times. The oldest attestation dates back to 996, where the written name "ostarrichi" occurs in a document transferring land in present day Austria to a Bavarian monastery. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated the march to a duchy, independent of the Duchy of Bavaria.

NamePortraitBornReignRuling partConsortDeathNotes Leopold I the Illustrious c. 940Son of Berthold of Nordgau or Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria 21 July 976 – 10 July 994 March of Austria Richardis of Sualafeldgaunine children 10 July 994Würzburgaged 53 54 Founder of the Babenbergs. Henry I the Strong c. 965 (? )First son of Leopold I and Richardis of Sualafeldgau 10 July 994 – 23 June 1018 March of Austria Unmarried 23 June 1018aged 53 54 In his reign (996), the name Ostarrichi (later Osterreich, Austria) appeared for the first time to designate the land he ruled. Adalbert I the Victorious c. 985Third son of Leopold I and Richardis of Sualafeldgau 23 June 1018 – 26 May 1055 March of Austria Glismod of West Saxonyno children Frozza Orseoloc.1025?one child26 May 1055Melkaged 69 70 Expanded his Bavarian margraviate to the Morava and Leitha rivers. Ernest the Brave 1027Son of Adalbert I and Frozza Orseolo 26 May 1055 – 10 June 1075 March of Austria Adelaide of Eilenburg1060three childrenSwanhilde of Ungarnmark1072no children10 June 1075aged 47 48 Expanded his Bavarian margraviate to the Morava and Leitha rivers. Leopold II the Fair 1050Son of Ernest and Adelaide of Eilenburg 10 June 1075 – 12 October 1095 March of Austria Ida of Formbach Ratelnberg1065eight children 12 October 1095Gars am Kampaged 44 45 Supported the Gregorian Reforms, and was an active opponent to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor during the Investiture Controversy. Leopold III the Saint 1073Gars am KampSon of Leopold II and Ida of Formbach Ratelnberg 12 October 1095 – 15 November 1136 March of Austria Maria of Pergno childrenAgnes of Germany1106eighteen children15 November 1136Klosterneuburgaged 62 63 His second marriage brought the margraviate of Austria closer to the Imperial family, which raised the importance of the Babenbergs. Consequently, more royal rights weer granted to Austria. Adalbert II the Pious 1106First son of Leopold III and Agnes of Germany 15 November 1136 – 9 November 1137 March of Austria Adelaide of Poland1128/29no childrenHedwig of Hungary1132no children9 November 1137aged 30 31 Usually not counted as margrave, despite being cited as so as early as 1119. Nevertheless, it's possible that he ruled for a year, or at least as claimant to his younger brother Leopold. If he ruled, he left no children. Knighted in 1125 Leopold IV the Generous 1108Third son of Leopold III and Agnes of Germany 9 November 1137 – 18 October 1141 March of Austria Maria of Bohemia28 September 1138no children18 October 1141Niederalteichaged 32 33 Also Duke of Bavaria, title given to him after his struggles with the House of Welf. Henry II Jasomirgott 1107Second son of Leopold III and Agnes of Germany 18 October 1141 – 13 January 1177 March of Austria(until 1156)Duchy of Austria(from 1156) Gertrude of Süpplingenburg1 May 1142one childTheodora Komnene1148three children 13 January 1177Viennaaged 69 70 Succeeded his younger brother in Austria and also as Duke of Bavaria. Moved his capital to Vienna. In 1156, Austria was raised to a Duchy. Leopold V the Virtuous 1157First son of Henry II and Theodora Komnene 13 January 1177 – 31 December 1194 Duchy of Austria Helena of Hungary1174four children31 December 1194Grazaged 36 37 Children of Henry II, divided Austria: Leopold V kept the main duchy and annexed the Duchy of Styria to his domain in 1192. He also gave his brother Henry the called Duchy of Mödling (title Henry used from 1205), which spanned from Liesing to Piesting and Bruck an der Leitha. Henry I and his descendants became mostly interested in arts. Henry I the Elder 1158Second son of Henry II and Theodora Komnene 13 January 1177 – 31 August 1223 Duchy of Mödling Richeza of Bohemia1177one child31 August 1223aged 64 65 Frederick I the Catholic 1175First son of Leopold V and Helena of Hungary 31 December 1194 – 16 April 1198 Duchy of Austria Unmarried 16 April 1198The Holy Landaged 22 23Left no children. Leopold VI the Glorious 15 October 1176Second son of Leopold V and Helena of Hungary 16 April 1198 – 28 July 1230 Duchy of Austria Theodora Angelina1203seven children 28 July 1230San Germanoaged 53 Henry II the Profane 1208First son of Leopold VI and Theodora Angelina 31 August 1223 – 29 November 1228 Duchy of Mödling Agnes of Thuringia29 November 1225Nurembergone child29 November 1228aged 19 20 Nephew of Henry I, apparently succeeded him as ruler, preceding his cousin (Henry I's son). He is referenced as Heinricus iuvenis dux who died in 1227, and Henrici de Medlico (Henry of Mödling). Henry III the Younger 1182Son of Henry I and Richeza of Bohemia 29 November 1228 – 1236 Duchy of Mödling Unmarried 1236aged 53 54 After his death the duchy reverted to his cousin Gertrude, daughter of Henry II. Frederick II the Quarrelsome 25 April 1211Wiener NeustadtSecond son of Leopold VI and Theodora Angelina 28 July 1230 – 15 June 1246 Duchy of Austria Eudokia Sophia Laskarina Angelinano childrenAgnes of Merania1229no children15 June 1246Leithaaged 35 His troublesome marriages with no children opened a succession crisis in Austria. Gertrude 1226Daughter of Henry II, Duke of Mödling and Agnes of Thuringia 1236 – 4 October 1250 Duchy of Mödling Vladislaus of Bohemia1246no childrenHerman VI, Margrave of Baden1248two childrenRoman Danylovych1252one child24 April 1288aged 61 62 Heiress of Mödling. After her cousin's death in 1246, she was the first to claim the duchy. She was associated with her first two husbands. However, as Herman of Baden failed to defeat the opposition of Austrian nobility, her rule weakened substantially, giving them minimal control over the duchies. Her first refusal of a third marriage with the brother of William II of Holland, combined with the occupation of Austria by her cousin Margaret and Ottokar of Bohemia in 1252, halted to any claim of hers. Although she was even given a part of Styria in 1254, she did not forswear her claim; her territorial portion was taken from her in 1267. 15 June 1246 – 4 October 12501254 1267 Duchy of Austria(in only part of Styria in 1254 67) Vladislaus of Bohemia 1227Son of Wenceslaus I of Bohemia and Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen 15 June 1246 – 3 January 1247 Duchy of Austria(claimant as consort) Gertrude1246no children3 January 1247Leithaaged 19 20 Herman VI, Margrave of Baden c.1226Son of Herman V, Margrave of Baden and Irmengard of the Palatinate1248 – 4 October 1250 Duchy of Austria(claimant as consort) Gertrude1248two children4 October 1250aged 23 24 Frederick I, Margrave of Baden 1249AllandSon of Herman VI, Margrave of Baden and Gertrude 1254 – 1267 Duchy of Austria(claimant as heir; in only part of Styria) Unmarried29 October 1268Naplesaged 18 19 Margaret 1204Daughter of Leopold VI and Theodora Angelina 6 May 1252 – 29 October 1266 Duchy of Austria(from 1261 only in Krumau am Kamp) Henry (VII) of Germany29 November 1225Nurembergtwo childrenOttokar II of Bohemia11 February 1252Hainburg an der Donau(annulled 1261)no children 29 October 1266Krumau am Kampaged 61 62 Margaret and her husband, future King of Bohemia, invaded Austria in 1252 and were successfully proclaimed Dukes of Austria. After the annullment of their marriage, Margaret retired and Ottokar continued his rule until 1276, when signed away his claims in Austria in favor of Rudolph of Habsburg. The matter would be settled with his defeat and death at the Battle on the Marchfeld (1278). Premislaus Ottokar II of Bohemia The Iron and Golden King 1233Městec KrálovéSon of Wenceslaus I of Bohemia and Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen 6 May 1252 – 1261 Duchy of Austria(claimant as consort) Margaret11 February 1252Hainburg an der Donau(annulled 1261)no childrenKunigunda Rostislavna of Halych25 October 1261Pressburgthree children26 August 1278Dürnkrutaged 44 45 1261 – November 1276 Duchy of Austria

Count Rudolf of Habsburg, elected as king of Germany (1273), was able during years 1276–78 decisively defeat his main rival Bohemian king Ottokar II and regain his Austrian domains back for the Empire. By his imperial authority he later (1282) invested his sons Albrecht and Rudolf with the duchies of Austria and Styria, thereby securing them for the House of Habsburg. Austria remained under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years, forming the core of the Habsburg monarchy and the present day country of Austria. The most important Austrian rulers until the Victory at Vienna in 1683 are described in the book Symmetria iuridico Austriaca.

NamePortraitBornReignRuling partConsortDeathNotes Francis I 12 February 1768FlorenceEldest son of Leopold VII, Archduke of Austria and Maria Luisa of Spain 11 August 1804 – 2 March 1835Empire of Austria Elisabeth of Württemberg6 January 1788Viennaone childMaria Theresa of Naples and Sicily15 September 1790Vienna12 childrenMaria Ludovika of Austria Este6 January 1808Viennano children(4) Caroline Augusta of Bavaria29 October 1816Viennano children 2 March 1835Viennaaged 67 Following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Francis created his own Empire of Austria. Ferdinand I the Benevolent 19 April 1793ViennaSon of Francis I and Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 2 March 1835 – 2 December 1848Empire of Austria Maria Anna of Savoy12 February 1731Turin(by procuration)no children 29 June 1875Pragueaged 82 Abdicated following the Revolutions of 1848. Francis Joseph 18 August 1830FlorenceSon of Archduke Franz Karl of Austria and Princess Sophie of Bavaria 2 December 1848 – 21 November 1916Empire of Austria Elisabeth of Bavaria24 April 1854Viennafour children 21 November 1916Viennaaged 86Nephew of Ferdinand I, and grandson of Francis I. Charles 17 August 1887Persenbeug GottsdorfSon of Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony 21 November 1916 – 12 November 1918Empire of Austria Zita of Bourbon Parma21 October 1911Schwarzau am Steinfeldeight children 1 April 1922Funchalaged 34 Grand nephew of Francis Joseph I, and great great grandson of Francis I. Following the defeat in World War I, the Empire was dissolved in 1918.