Ключевые события мировой истории

714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom. 755 – An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Yanjing, initiating the An Lushan Rebellion during the Tang dynasty of China. 1431 – Hundred Years' War: Henry VI of England is crowned King of France at Notre Dame in Paris. 1497 – Vasco da Gama passes the Great Fish River at the southern tip of Africa, where Bartolomeu Dias had previously turned back to Portugal. 1575 – An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 strikes Valdivia, Chile. 1598 – Seven Year War: Battle of Noryang: The final battle of the Seven Year War is fought between the China and the Korean allied forces and Japanese navies, resulting in a decisive allied forces victory.

1653 – English Interregnum: The Protectorate: Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. 1689 – Convention Parliament: The Declaration of Right is embodied in the Bill of Rights. 1707 – Most Recent Eruption of Mount Fuji. 1761 – Seven Years' War: After a four month siege, the Russians under Pyotr Rumyantsev take the Prussian fortress of Kołobrzeg. 1773 – American Revolution: Boston Tea Party: Members of the Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawk Indians dump hundreds of crates of tea into Boston harbor as a protest against the Tea Act. 1777 – Virginia becomes the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. 1782 – British East India Company: Muharram Rebellion: Hada and Mada Miah lead the first anti British uprising in the subcontinent against Robert Lindsay and his contingents in Sylhet Shahi Eidgah. 1811 – The first two in a series of four severe earthquakes occur in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri. 1826 – Benjamin W. Edwards rides into Mexican controlled Nacogdoches, Texas, and declares himself ruler of the Republic of Fredonia. 1838 – Great Trek: Battle of Blood River: Voortrekkers led by Andries Pretorius and Sarel Cilliers defeat Zulu impis, led by Dambuza (Nzobo) and Ndlela kaSompisi in what is today KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. 1850 – The Charlotte Jane and the Randolph bring the first of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton, New Zealand. 1863 – American Civil War: Joseph E. Johnston replaces Braxton Bragg as commander of the Confederate Army of Tennessee. 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Nashville: The Union's Army of the Cumberland routs and destroys the Confederacy's Army of Tennessee, ending its effectiveness as a combat unit. 1880 – Outbreak of the First Boer War between the Boer South African Republic and the British Empire. 1882 – Wales and England contest the first Home Nations (now Six Nations) rugby union match. 1883 – Tonkin Campaign: French forces capture the Sơn Tây citadel.

1905 – In Rugby Union, The "Match of the Century" is played between Wales and New Zealand at Cardiff Arms Park. 1912 – First Balkan War: The Royal Hellenic Navy defeats the Ottoman Navy at the Battle of Elli. 1914 – World War I: Admiral Franz von Hipper commands a raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. 1920 – The Haiyuan earthquake of 8.5, rocks the Gansu province in China, killing an estimated 200,000. 1942 – The Holocaust: Schutzstaffel chief Heinrich Himmler orders that Roma candidates for extermination be deported to Auschwitz. 1944 – World War II: The Battle of the Bulge begins with the surprise offensive of three German armies through the Ardennes forest. 1951 – A Miami Airlines Curtiss C 46 Commando crashes in Elizabeth, New Jersey, killing all 58 aboard including dancer Doris Ruby. 1960 – A United Airlines Douglas DC 8 and a TWA Lockheed Super Constellation collide over Staten Island, New York and crash, killing all 128 people aboard both aircraft and six more on the ground. 1968 – Second Vatican Council: Official revocation of the Edict of Expulsion of Jews from Spain. 1971 – Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo Pakistani War of 1971: The Surrender of the Pakistan Army brings an end to both conflicts. This is commemorated annually as Victory Day in Bangladesh and India respectively. 1971 – The United Kingdom recognizes Bahrain's independence, which is commemorated annually as Bahrain's National Day. 1973 – Aeroflot Flight 2022 crashes in the Soviet Union's (now Russia) Volokolamsky District, killing all 51 aboard, including 4 Lithuanian doctors. 1986 – Jeltoqsan: Riots erupt in Alma Ata, Kazakh SSR, in response to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's dismissal of ethnic Kazakh Dinmukhamed Kunaev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, and his replacement with Gennady Kolbin, an ethnic Russian from the Russian SFSR. 1989 – Romanian Revolution: Protests break out in Timișoara, Romania, in response to an attempt by the government to evict dissident Hungarian pastor László Tőkés. 2011 – Zhanaozen massacre: Violent protests by oil workers take place in Zhanaozen, Kazakhstan, leading to 16 people dead and 100 injured by the security forces. 2013 – A bus falls from an elevated highway in the Philippines capital Manila killing at least 18 people with 20 injured. 2014 – Tehrik i Taliban Pakistan militants attack an Army Public School in Peshawar, Pakistan, killing 150 people, 132 of them schoolchildren. 2022 – A landslide occurs at a camp at an organic farm near the town of Batang Kali in Selangor, Malaysia, trapping 92 people and killing 31.

1364 – Emperor Manuel III of Trebizond (d. 1417)
1485 – Catherine of Aragon, Spanish princess, later queen consort of England (d. 1536)
1534 – Hans Bol, Flemish artist (d. 1593)
1582 – Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey (d. 1642)
1584 – John Selden, English jurist and scholar (d. 1654)
1585 – Livia della Rovere, Italian noble (d. 1641)

1605 – Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland, English diplomat (d. 1663)
1614 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1674)
1630 – Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort, British botanist (d. 1715)
1714 – George Whitefield, English Anglican priest (d. 1770)
1716 – Louis Jules Mancini Mazarini, French poet and diplomat (d. 1798)
1717 – Elizabeth Carter, English poet and scholar (d. 1806)
1730 – Diego Silang, Filipino revolutionary leader (d. 1763)
1742 – Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, German field marshal (d. 1819)
1770 – Ludwig van Beethoven, composer (d. 1827)
1775 – Jane Austen, English novelist (d. 1817)
1775 – François Adrien Boieldieu, French pianist and composer (d. 1834)
1776 – Johann Wilhelm Ritter, German chemist, physicist, and philosopher (d. 1810)
1778 – John Ordronaux, French American soldier (d. 1841)
1787 – Mary Russell Mitford, English author and playwright (d. 1855)
1790 – Leopold I of Belgium (d. 1865)
1804 – Viktor Bunyakovsky, Russian mathematician and academic (d. 1889)
1812 – Stuart Donaldson, English Australian politician, 1st Premier of New South Wales (d. 1867)
1834 – Léon Walras, French Swiss economist and theorist (d. 1910)
1836 – Ernst von Bergmann, Latvian German surgeon and academic (d. 1907)
1849 – Mary Hartwell Catherwood, American author and poet (d. 1902)
1861 – Antonio de La Gándara, French painter and illustrator (d. 1917)
1863 – George Santayana, Spanish philosopher, novelist, and poet (d. 1952)
1865 – Olavo Bilac, Brazilian journalist and poet (d. 1918)
1866 – Wassily Kandinsky, Russian French painter and theorist (d. 1944)
1867 – Amy Carmichael, Irish missionary and humanitarian (d. 1951)
1869 – Hristo Tatarchev, Bulgarian physician and activist, co founded the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (d. 1952)
1869 – Bertha Lamme Feicht, American electrical engineer (d. 1943)
1872 – Anton Denikin, Russian general (d. 1947)
1882 – Jack Hobbs, English cricketer and journalist (d. 1963)
1882 – Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian composer, conductor, and musicologist (d. 1967)
1882 – Walther Meissner, German physicist and engineer (d. 1974)
1883 – Károly Kós, Hungarian Romanian architect, ethnologist, and politician (d. 1977)
1883 – Max Linder, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1925)
1884 – John Gunn, Australian politician, 29th Premier of South Australia (d. 1959)
1884 – Seibo Kitamura, Japanese sculptor (d. 1987)
1888 – Alexander I of Yugoslavia (d. 1934)
1888 – Alphonse Juin, Algerian French general (d. 1967)
1889 – Kim Chwa chin, South Korean guerrilla leader (d. 1930)
1895 – Marie Hall Ets, American author and illustrator (d. 1984)
1896 – Anna Anderson, an imposter who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (d. 1984)
1899 – Noël Coward, English actor, playwright, and composer (d. 1973)
1900 – Lucille Lortel, American actress and producer (d. 1999)
1900 – V. S. Pritchett, British writer and literary critic (d. 1997)

1669 – Nathaniel Fiennes, English soldier and politician (b. 1608)
1687 – William Petty, English economist and philosopher (b. 1623)
1751 – Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt Dessau (b. 1700)
1774 – François Quesnay, French economist, physician, and philosopher (b. 1694)
1783 – Johann Adolph Hasse, German composer and educator (b. 1699)
1783 – Sir William James, 1st Baronet, Welsh English commander and politician (b. 1720)
1805 – Saverio Cassar, Gozitan priest and rebel leader (b. 1746)
1809 – Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy, French chemist and entomologist (b. 1755)
1859 – Wilhelm Grimm, German anthropologist and author (b. 1786)
1892 – Henry Yesler, American businessman and politician, 7th Mayor of Seattle (b. 1810)
1897 – Alphonse Daudet, French author, poet, and playwright (b. 1840)
1898 – Pavel Tretyakov, Russian businessman and art collector (b. 1832)

1908 – American Horse, American tribal leader and educator (b. 1840)
1917 – Frank Gotch, American wrestler (b. 1878)
1921 – Camille Saint Saëns, French pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1835)
1922 – Gabriel Narutowicz, Lithuanian–Polish engineer and politician, 1st President of the Republic of Poland (b. 1865)
1928 – Elinor Wylie, American poet and author (b. 1885)
1935 – Thelma Todd, American actress and comedian (b. 1905)
1936 – Frank Eugene, American German photographer and educator (b. 1865)
1940 – Eugène Dubois, Dutch paleoanthropologist (b. 1858)
1940 – Billy Hamilton, American baseball player and manager (b. 1866)
1943 – George Bambridge, English diplomat (b. 1892)
1944 – Betsie ten Boom, Dutch Holocaust victim (b. 1885)
1945 – Giovanni Agnelli, Italian businessman, founded Fiat (b. 1866)
1945 – Fumimaro Konoe, Japanese lawyer and politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1891)
1949 – Sidney Olcott, Canadian American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1873)
1952 – Robert Henry Best, American journalist (b. 1896)
1956 – Nina Hamnett, Welsh painter and author (b. 1890)
1961 – Hans Rebane, Estonian journalist and politician, 8th Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1882)
1965 – W. Somerset Maugham, British playwright, novelist, and short story writer (b. 1874)
1968 – Futabayama Sadaji, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 35th Yokozuna (b. 1912)
1968 – Muhammad Suheimat, Jordanian general and politician (b. 1916)
1969 – Alphonse Castex, French rugby union player (b. 1899)
1969 – Soe Hok Gie, Indonesian activist and academic (b. 1942)
1970 – Oscar Lewis, American anthropologist of Latin America (b. 1914)
1974 – Kostas Varnalis, Greek poet and playwright (b. 1884)
1976 – Réal Caouette, Canadian journalist and politician (b. 1917)
1977 – Risto Jarva, Finnish director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1934)
1980 – Colonel Sanders, American businessman, founded KFC (b. 1890)
1980 – Hellmuth Walter, German American engineer (b. 1900)
1982 – Colin Chapman, English engineer and businessman, founded Lotus Cars (b. 1928)
1983 – Debs Garms, American baseball player (b. 1907)
1984 – Karl Deichgräber, German philologist and academic (b. 1903)
1985 – Thomas Bilotti, American mobster (b. 1940)
1985 – Paul Castellano, American mobster (b. 1915)
1989 – Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, Argentinian race car driver (b. 1913)
1989 – Silvana Mangano, Italian actress (b. 1930)
1989 – Aileen Pringle, American actress (b. 1895)
1989 – Lee Van Cleef, American actor (b. 1925)
1991 – Eszter Tamási, Hungarian actress and journalist (b. 1938)
1993 – Moses Gunn, American actor (b. 1929)
1993 – Kakuei Tanaka, Japanese soldier and politician, 64th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1918)
1996 – Quentin Bell, English historian and author (b. 1910)
1997 – Lillian Disney, American illustrator and philanthropist (b. 1899)
1998 – William Gaddis, American author and academic (b. 1922)
2001 – Stuart Adamson, English Scottish singer songwriter and guitarist (b. 1958)
2001 – Stefan Heym, German American soldier and author (b. 1913)
2003 – Robert Stanfield, Canadian economist, lawyer, and politician, 17th Premier of Nova Scotia (b. 1914)
2003 – Gary Stewart, American singer songwriter (b. 1945)
2004 – Ted Abernathy, American baseball player (b. 1933)
2004 – Deyda Hydara, Gambian journalist, co founded The Point (b. 1946)
2004 – Agnes Martin, American painter and educator (b. 1912)
2005 – Kenneth Bulmer, English author (b. 1921)
2005 – Ed Hansen, American director and screenwriter (b. 1937)
2005 – John Spencer, American actor (b. 1946)
2006 – Don Jardine, Canadian wrestler and trainer (b. 1940)
2006 – Taliep Petersen, South African singer songwriter and director (b. 1950)
2006 – Pnina Salzman, Israeli pianist and educator (b. 1922)
2006 – Stanford J. Shaw, American historian and academic (b. 1930)
2007 – Dan Fogelberg, American singer songwriter and guitarist (b. 1951)
2009 – Roy E. Disney, American businessman (b. 1930)
2009 – Yegor Gaidar, Russian economist and politician, Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1956)
2009 – Manto Tshabalala Msimang, South African physician and politician, 22nd South African Minister of Health (b. 1940)
2010 – Melvin E. Biddle, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1923)
2010 – Ayinde Barrister, Nigerian fuji musician (b. 1948)
2011 – Robert Easton, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1930)
2011 – Nicol Williamson, Scottish actor (b. 1938)
2012 – Elwood V. Jensen, American biologist and academic (b. 1920)
2012 – Jake Adam York, American poet and academic (b. 1972)
2013 – James Flint, English commander (b. 1913)
2013 – Ray Price, American singer songwriter and guitarist (b. 1926)
2013 – Marta Russell, American journalist, author, and activist (b. 1951)
2014 – Martin Brasier, English paleontologist, biologist, and academic (b. 1947)
2014 – Tim Cochran, American mathematician and academic (b. 1955)
2015 – Peter Dickinson, Rhodesian English author and poet (b. 1927)
2015 – Lizmark, Mexican wrestler (b. 1950)
2015 – George Earl Ortman, American painter and sculptor (b. 1926)
2017 – Keely Smith, American singer and actress (b. 1928)