Ключевые даты мировой истории

1317 – The "Nyköping Banquet": King Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric, Duke of Södermanland, who were subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of Nyköping Castle. 1508 – The League of Cambrai is formed by Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon as an alliance against Venice. 1520 – Martin Luther burns his copy of the papal bull Exsurge Domine outside Wittenberg's Elster Gate. 1541 – Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham are executed for having affairs with Catherine Howard, Queen of England and wife of Henry VIII.

1652 – Defeat at the Battle of Dungeness causes the Commonwealth of England to reform its navy. 1665 – The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps is founded by Michiel de Ruyter. 1684 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmond Halley. 1768 – The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is published. 1799 – France adopts the metre as its official unit of length. 1817 – Mississippi becomes the 20th U. S. state. 1861 – American Civil War: The Confederate States of America accept a rival state government's pronouncement that declares Kentucky to be the 13th state of the Confederacy. 1861 – Forces led by Nguyễn Trung Trực, an anti colonial guerrilla leader in southern Vietnam, sink the French lorcha L'Esperance. 1864 – American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea: Major General William Tecumseh Sherman's Union Army troops reach the outer Confederate defenses of Savannah, Georgia. 1877 – Russo Turkish War: The Russian Army captures Plevna after a 5 month siege. The garrison of 25,000 surviving Turks surrenders. The Russian victory is decisive for the outcome of the war and the Liberation of Bulgaria. 1896 – Alfred Jarry's Ubu Roi premieres in Paris. A riot breaks out at the end of the performance. 1898 – Spanish–American War: The Treaty of Paris is signed, officially ending the conflict. Spain cedes administration of Cuba to the United States, and the United States agrees to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines.

1901 – The first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm on the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. 1902 – The opening of the reservoir of the Aswan Dam in Egypt. 1906 – U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the mediation of the Russo Japanese War, becoming the first American to win a Nobel Prize in any field. 1907 – The worst night of the Brown Dog riots in London, when 1,000 medical students, protesting against the existence of a memorial for animals that have been vivisected, clash with 400 police officers. 1909 – Selma Lagerlöf becomes the first female writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. 1932 – Thailand becomes a constitutional monarchy. 1936 – Abdication Crisis: Edward VIII signs the Instrument of Abdication. 1941 – World War II: The Royal Navy capital ships and are sunk by Imperial Japanese Navy torpedo bombers near British Malaya. 1941 – World War II: Battle of the Philippines: Imperial Japanese forces under the command of General Masaharu Homma land on Luzon. 1942 – World War II: Government of Poland in exile send Raczyński's Note (the first official report on the Holocaust) to 26 governments who signed the Declaration by United Nations. 1948 – The Human Rights Convention is signed by the United Nations. 1949 – Chinese Civil War: The People's Liberation Army begins its siege of Chengdu, the last Kuomintang held city in mainland China, forcing President of the Republic of China Chiang Kai shek and his government to retreat to Taiwan. 1953 – British Prime Minister Winston Churchill receives the Nobel Prize in Literature. 1963 – Zanzibar gains independence from the United Kingdom as a constitutional monarchy, under Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah. 1963 – An assassination attempt on the British High Commissioner in Aden kills two people and wounds dozens more. 1968 – Japan's biggest heist, the still unsolved "300 million yen robbery", is carried out in Tokyo. 1978 – Arab–Israeli conflict: Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin and President of Egypt Anwar Sadat are jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 1979 – Kaohsiung Incident: Taiwanese pro democracy demonstrations are suppressed by the KMT dictatorship, and organizers are arrested. 1983 – Democracy is restored in Argentina with the inauguration of President Raúl Alfonsín. 1984 – United Nations General Assembly recognizes the Convention against Torture. 1989 – Mongolian Revolution: At the country's first open pro democracy public demonstration, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announces the establishment of the Mongolian Democratic Union. 1991 – Nursultan Nazarbayev is sworn in as the 1st President of Kazakhstan. 1991 – The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic is renamed into the Republic of Kazakhstan. 1993 – The last shift leaves Wearmouth Colliery in Sunderland. The closure of the 156 year old pit marks the end of the old County Durham coalfield, which had been in operation since the Middle Ages. 1994 – Rwandan genocide: Maurice Baril, military advisor to the U. N. Secretary General and head of the Military Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, recommends that UNAMIR stand down. 1995 – The Israeli army withdraws from Nablus pursuant to the terms of Oslo Accord. 1996 – The new Constitution of South Africa is promulgated by Nelson Mandela. 1999 – Helen Clark is sworn in as Prime Minister of New Zealand, the second woman to hold the post and the first following an election. 2005 – Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 crashes at Port Harcourt International Airport in Nigeria, killing 108 people. 2014 – Palestinian minister Ziad Abu Ein is killed after the suppression of a demonstration by Israeli forces in the village (Turmus'ayya) in Ramallah. 2015 – Rojava conflict: The Syrian Democratic Council is established in Dêrik, forming the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces in northeast Syria. 2016 – Two explosions outside a football stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, kill 38 people and injure 166 others. 2017 – ISIL is defeated in Iraq. 2019 – The Ostrava hospital attack in the Czech Republic results in eight deaths, including the perpetrator. 2021 – A widespread, deadly, and violent tornado outbreak slams the Central, Midwestern, and Southern regions of the United States. Eighty nine people are killed by the tornadoes, with most of the fatalities occurring in Kentucky, where a single tornado kills 57 people, and injures hundreds of others.

553 – Houzhu, emperor of the Chen dynasty (d. 604)
1376 – Edmund Mortimer, English nobleman and rebel (d. 1409)
1452 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1531)
1472 – Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk (d. 1481)
1489 – Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours (d. 1512)
1588 – Isaac Beeckman, Dutch scientist and philosopher (d. 1637)

1610 – Adriaen van Ostade, Dutch painter (d. 1685)
1654 – Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole, Italian painter (d. 1719)
1658 – Lancelot Blackburne, Archbishop of York (d. 1743)
1713 – Johann Nicolaus Mempel, German cantor and organist (d. 1747)
1751 – George Shaw, English botanist and zoologist (d. 1813)
1776 – Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria Este (d. 1848)
1783 – María Bibiana Benítez, Puerto Rican poet and playwright (d. 1873)
1787 – Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, American educator, founded the American School for the Deaf (d. 1851)
1804 – Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, German mathematician and academic (d. 1851)
1805 – William Lloyd Garrison, American journalist and activist, founded The Liberator (d. 1879)
1805 – Joseph Škoda, Czech physician, dermatologist, and academic (d. 1881)
1811 – Caroline Mehitable Fisher Sawyer, American poet, biographer, and editor (d. 1894)
1815 – Ada Lovelace, English mathematician and computer scientist (d. 1852)
1821 – Nikolay Nekrasov, Russian poet and critic (d. 1877)
1822 – César Franck, Belgian organist and composer (d. 1890)
1824 – George MacDonald, Scottish minister, author, and poet (d. 1905)
1827 – Eugene O'Keefe, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1913)
1830 – Emily Dickinson, American poet (d. 1886)
1851 – Melvil Dewey, American librarian, created the Dewey Decimal System (d. 1931)
1866 – Louis Bolk, Dutch anatomist and biologist (d. 1930)
1870 – Jadunath Sarkar, Indian historian (d. 1958)
1870 – Adolf Loos, Austrian architect and theoretician (d. 1933)
1870 – Pierre Louÿs, Belgian French author and poet (d. 1925)
1878 – C. Rajagopalachari, Indian lawyer and politician, 45th Governor General of India (d. 1972)
1878 – Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Indian Muslim activist (d. 1931)
1882 – Otto Neurath, Austrian sociologist and philosopher (d. 1945)
1882 – Shigenori Tōgō, Japanese politician, 37th Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs (d. 1950)
1883 – Giovanni Messe, Italian field marshal and politician (d. 1968)
1885 – Elizabeth Baker, American economist and academic (d. 1973)
1885 – Marios Varvoglis, Greek composer and conductor (d. 1967)
1886 – Victor McLaglen, English American actor (d. 1959)
1889 – Ray Collins, American actor (d. 1965)
1890 – László Bárdossy, Hungarian politician and diplomat, 33rd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1946)
1891 – Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, English field marshal and politician, 17th Governor General of Canada (d. 1969)
1891 – Arlie Mucks, American discus thrower and shot putter (d. 1967)
1891 – Nelly Sachs, German Swedish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
1896 – Torsten Bergström, Swedish actor and director (d. 1948)

1618 – Giulio Caccini, Italian composer and educator (b. 1551)
1626 – Edmund Gunter, English mathematician and academic (b. 1581)
1665 – Tarquinio Merula, Italian organist, violinist, and composer (b. 1594)
1736 – António Manoel de Vilhena, Portuguese soldier and politician (b. 1663)
1791 – Jacob Frank, Polish religious leader (b. 1726)
1831 – Thomas Johann Seebeck, German physicist and academic (b. 1770)
1850 – Józef Bem, Polish general and physicist (b. 1794)
1850 – François Sulpice Beudant, French mineralogist and geologist (b. 1787)
1865 – Leopold I of Belgium (b. 1790)
1867 – Sakamoto Ryōma, Japanese samurai and politician (b. 1836)
1896 – Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer, invented Dynamite and founded the Nobel Prize (b. 1833)

1909 – Red Cloud, American tribal chief (of the Oglala nation) (b. 1822)
1911 – Joseph Dalton Hooker, English botanist and explorer (b. 1817)
1917 – Mackenzie Bowell, English Canadian journalist and politician, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1823)
1920 – Horace Elgin Dodge, American businessman, co founded Dodge (b. 1868)
1922 – Clement Lindley Wragge, English meteorologist and author (b. 1852)
1926 – Nikola Pašić, Serbian politician, 46th Prime Minister of Serbia (b. 1845)
1928 – Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect and painter (b. 1868)
1929 – Harry Crosby, American publisher and poet (b. 1898)
1932 – Joseph Carruthers, Australian politician, 16th Premier of New South Wales (b. 1857)
1936 – Bobby Abel, English cricketer (b. 1857)
1936 – Luigi Pirandello, Italian dramatist, novelist, and poet Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
1939 – John Grieb, American gymnast and triathlete (b. 1879)
1941 – Colin Kelly, American captain and pilot (b. 1915)
1944 – John Brunt, English captain, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1922)
1945 – Theodor Dannecker, German captain (b. 1913)
1946 – Walter Johnson, American baseball player, manager, and sportscaster (b. 1887)
1946 – Damon Runyon, American newspaperman and short story writer (b. 1884)
1948 – Na Hye sok, South Korean journalist, poet, and painter (b. 1896)
1951 – Algernon Blackwood, English author and playwright (b. 1869)
1953 – Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Indian English scholar and translator (b. 1872)
1956 – David Shimoni, Russian Israeli poet and translator (b. 1891)
1957 – Napoleon Zervas, Greek general (b. 1891)
1958 – Adolfo Camarillo, American horse breeder, rancher, and philanthropist (b. 1864)
1963 – K. M. Panikkar, Indian historian and diplomat (b. 1894)
1967 – Otis Redding, American singer songwriter and producer (b. 1941)
1968 – Karl Barth, Swiss theologian and author (b. 1886)
1968 – George Forrest, Northern Irish lawyer and politician (b. 1921)
1968 – Thomas Merton, American monk and author (b. 1915)
1972 – Mark Van Doren, American poet, critic, and academic (b. 1894)
1973 – Wolf V. Vishniac, German American microbiologist and academic (b. 1922)
1974 – Toshinari Shōji, Japanese general (b. 1890)
1977 – Adolph Rupp, American basketball player and coach (b. 1901)
1978 – Ed Wood, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1924)
1979 – Ann Dvorak, American actress (b. 1911)
1982 – Freeman Gosden, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1899)
1987 – Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian American violinist and educator (b. 1901)
1988 – Richard S. Castellano, American actor (b. 1933)
1988 – Johnny Lawrence, English cricketer and coach (b. 1911)
1988 – Dorothy de Rothschild, English philanthropist and activist (b. 1895)
1990 – Armand Hammer, American businessman, founded Occidental Petroleum (b. 1898)
1991 – Greta Kempton, Austrian American painter and academic (b. 1901)
1992 – Dan Maskell, English tennis player and sportscaster (b. 1908)
1993 – Alice Tully, American soprano (b. 1902)
1994 – Keith Joseph, English lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for Education (b. 1918)
1994 – Alex Wilson, Canadian American sprinter (b. 1905)
1995 – Darren Robinson, American rapper (b. 1967)
1996 – Faron Young, American singer songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1932)
1999 – Rick Danko, Canadian singer songwriter, bass player, and producer (b. 1943)
1999 – Franjo Tuđman, Croatian general and politician, 1st President of Croatia (b. 1922)
1999 – Woodrow Borah, American historian of Spanish America (b. 1912)
2000 – Marie Windsor, American actress (b. 1919)
2001 – Ashok Kumar, Indian actor, singer, and producer (b. 1911)
2002 – Andres Küng, Swedish journalist and politician (b. 1945)
2002 – Ian MacNaughton, Scottish actor, director, and producer (b. 1925)
2003 – Sean McClory, Irish actor and director (b. 1924)
2004 – Gary Webb, American journalist and author (b. 1955)
2005 – Mary Jackson, American actress (b. 1910)
2005 – Eugene McCarthy, American poet, academic, and politician (b. 1916)
2005 – Richard Pryor, American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1940)
2006 – Olivia Coolidge, English American author and educator (b. 1908)
2006 – Augusto Pinochet, Chilean general and dictator, 30th President of Chile (b. 1915)
2007 – Vitali Hakko, Turkish businessman, founded Vakko (b. 1913)
2009 – Vladimir Teplyakov, Russian soldier and physicist (b. 1925)
2010 – John Fenn, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917)
2010 – J. Michael Hagopian, Armenian American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1913)
2010 – MacKenzie Miller, American horse trainer and breeder (b. 1921)
2012 – Iajuddin Ahmed, Bangladeshi academic and politician, 13th President of Bangladesh (b. 1931)
2012 – Antonio Cubillo, Spanish lawyer and politician (b. 1930)
2012 – Tommy Roberts, English fashion designer (b. 1942)
2013 – Alan Coleman, English Australian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1936)
2013 – Jim Hall, American guitarist and composer (b. 1930)
2013 – Don Lund, American baseball player and coach (b. 1923)
2013 – Srikanta Wadiyar, Indian politician and the titular Maharaja of Mysore(b. 1946)
2014 – Ralph Giordano, German author and publicist (b. 1923)
2014 – Robert B. Oakley, American diplomat, 19th United States Ambassador to Pakistan (b. 1931)
2014 – Bob Solinger, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1925)
2014 – Judy Baar Topinka, American journalist and politician (b. 1944)
2014 – Gerard Vianen, Dutch cyclist (b. 1944)
2015 – Ron Bouchard, American race car driver and businessman (b. 1948)
2015 – Denis Héroux, Canadian director and producer (b. 1940)
2015 – Arnold Peralta, Honduran footballer (b. 1989)
2015 – Dolph Schayes, American basketball player and coach (b. 1928)
2017 – Bruce Brown, American filmmaker (b. 1937)
2017 – Max Clifford, British publicist (b. 1943)
2017 – Charles M. Green Jr., American Internet personality (b. 1950)
2017 – Curtis W. Harris, American minister (b. 1924)
2019 – Philip McKeon, American actor (b. 1964)
2019 – Gershon Kingsley, American composer and musician (b. 1922)
2019 – Emily Mason, American painter (b. 1932)
2020 – Tommy "Tiny" Lister Jr., American actor and wrestler (b. 1958)
2020 – Joseph Safra, Lebanese Brazilian financier (b.1938)
2020 – Carol Sutton, American actress (b. 1944)
2020 – Barbara Windsor, English actress (b. 1937)
2021 – Michael Nesmith, American musician (The Monkees), songwriter, actor, producer, and novelist (b. 1942)
2023 – Julian Carroll, American politician, 54th Governor of Kentucky (b. 1931)