«Природный шаг»: Фреймворк для устойчивого развития

Foundation
The Natural Step is a non profit, non governmental organisation founded in Sweden in 1989 by scientist Karl Henrik Robèrt. The Natural Step is also used when referring to the partially open source framework it developed. Following publication of the Brundtland Report in 1987, Robèrt developed The Natural Step framework, setting out the system conditions for the sustainability of human activities on Earth; Robèrt's four system conditions are derived from a scientific understanding of universal laws and the aspects of our socio ecological system, including the laws of gravity, the laws of thermodynamics and a multitude of social studies. The Natural Step has pioneered a "Backcasting from Principles" approach meant to advance society towards greater sustainability. Whole systems thinking and backcasting from sustainability principles form the basis for numerous applications and tools to plan and (re )design organisational strategy, organisational processes, product/service innovation and business models. Its biggest advantage is the concept of 'simplification without reduction' to prevent getting lost in the details with the complex topic of sustainability. For almost 30 years, the approach has been implemented, proven and refined in education, research, businesses, municipalities, regional and national governments, inter governmental organisations (e. g. UN, EU) and a multitude of NGOs around the world. Currently, The Natural Step has offices in 12 countries and numerous associates and ambassadors in more than 50 countries. Next to the Five Level Framework and the TNS Framework (or Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development), the TNS 'theory of change' shows an integrated cascaded approach to accelerate change towards a sustainable society by collaboration on individual, organisational and multi stakeholder system level. Change programs and transition Labs include Future Fit Business Benchmark and the Alberta, Canada energyfutureslab. The Natural Step (TNS), an approach used to guide sustainability efforts in organizations, involves implicit and explicit precautions judgments that may limit growth. But these limits may be difficult for companies and individuals to adhere to. Some implicit precautions are that TNS avoids making judgments about specific levels of damage thresholds or critical concentrations because they are uncertain and can cause disagreements. TNS recommends actions to reduce dependence on certain materials and activities, but these recommendations assume that critical thresholds have already been breached. Some explicit precautions are TNS rate corollaries include avoiding the extraction, production, or dispersion of materials at a faster rate than their breakdown in nature and avoiding harvesting or manipulation of nature in a way that reduces productivity and diversity, and infrastructure development in human history would not have been possible had the TNS systems conditions and these first intended corollaries have been adhered to.

The 5 Level Framework (5LF) is a comprehensive model for planning and decision making in complex systems based on whole systems thinking. It comprises 5 levels: 1) System, 2) Success, 3) Strategic Guidelines, 4) Actions and 5) Tools. It can be used to analyze any complex system of any type or scale (e. g. human body, the game of chess or soccer, an organization, a sustainability concept) and helps to plan, decide and act strategically towards success based on principles determined by the working of the system (e. g. treat cancer, win chess or soccer, manage a successful business, design useful tools). When the 5LF is applied to the socio ecological system (or society within the biosphere) it is called the Natural Step Framework, or the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD). As a framework it helps to see the BIG picture of the workings and functions of our ecological and social systems and institutions, current trends and our sustainability challenge, how we as a society negatively influence the functioning of the socio ecological system (System), what systems conditions should be met for it to not to be negatively influenced (Success) and how to strategically plan towards that (Strategic Guidelines) with prioritised actions (Actions) selecting (or designing) and applying the appropriate tools for those (Tools). Since its creation by Dr. Karl Henrik Robert in 1989, the framework has been reviewed by many scientists, is under constant development and has been an inspiration to other tools and concepts in the area of sustainable development. The framework has been tested in hundreds of organizations (businesses, governments, neighborhoods, NGO's) around the world. Based on experience with the framework specific guidelines, methods and applications have been developed and refined to accelerate and improve the application of the framework.

To explain the sustainability challenge, the metaphor of a funnel is used. The walls closing in represent the many (systematic and often exponentially increasing) trends impacting upon, and degrading, the system e. g.; decreasing number and quality of natural resources and ecosystems, the stricter laws and regulations, degrading interpersonal and person to person trust, increasing toxicity levels, growing human population, increase in demands for resources, etc. The walls of the funnel are getting closer and closer over time limiting the room to maneuver. Individuals, organisations and society are hitting the walls of the funnel over time e. g.: victims of climate change related weather events, stricter laws and regulations, depleting fish stocks, increased number of cancer occurrences, air , water , soil pollution, erosion of trust, financial crises, bankruptcies due to price increases of scarce resources, land erosion, etc.

Behind the framework there is a science based understanding of the dynamic interrelationships within and between socio ecological sub systems and is based (a. o.) on study of ecosystems, laws of nature (including thermodynamics, conservation laws, laws of gravity, biogeochemical cycles, photosynthesis, systems thinking, flows of resources and wastes), social systems, social institutions (including trust and fundamental human needs), psychology. In order to be able to create a structured overview and not to be confused with more downstream or detailed information only the logic of the concepts are explained here.

Earth's biosphere is an open system with regards to energy. Energy comes in the form of sunlight and energy leaves in the form of heat radiation. Earth's biosphere is a (relatively) closed system regarding matter, some meteorites and dust enter and only limited matter leaves due to gravity (e. g. some space rockets, dust). The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics (LoTD) and Laws for conservation of matter (LCoM) set limiting conditions for life on earth: The First Law says that energy is conserved; nothing disappears, its form simply changes (e. g. heat, movement). Another way of stating this is: "Energy cannot be created, or destroyed, only modified in form." The implications of the Second Law and second law of conservation of matter, are that matter and energy tend to disperse over time. For matter this is referred to as "entropy." Putting the different laws together and applying them to our planetary system, the following facts become apparent:
All the matter that will ever exist on earth is here now (1st LCoM). Disorder increases in all closed systems and the Earth is a closed system with respect to matter (2nd LCoM). However, it is an open system with respect to energy since it receives energy from the sun, and radiates waste heat to space. Sunlight, or energy radiation, (LoTD) is responsible for almost all increases in net material quality on the planet through photosynthesis and solar heating effects. Chloroplasts in plant cells take energy (and minerals and oxygen) from sunlight for plant growth (Sugars, structure, oxygen). Plants, in turn, provide energy for other forms of life, such as animals. Evaporation of water from the oceans by solar heating produces most of the Earth's fresh water. This flow of energy from the sun creates structure and order from the disorder. The global ecosystem and its local ecosystems evolved over time into a complex adaptive system with many interdependencies.

A social (sub )system also is a complex adaptive system. Trust is essential in the smooth workings of societal systems and can be seen as the glue binding society (economically, politically, socially). A lack of trust, e. g. in the future and each other, creates societal unrest and instability as individuals and (sub )systems within society will attempt to continue to satisfy Individual fundamental human needs (as articulated by Manfred Max Neef, among others). Being able to keep one's health, influence of how the system is organised, learn & develop to become the best one can be; equal treatment and pursuing a larger purpose are important factors to trust and 'believe in' the system one is part of.

Based on the whole system understanding and research focusing on the causes rather than the effects of unsustainability within the socio ecological system lead to 8 main causes of unsustainability. By providing significant granularity on the root causes of social systemunsustainability, it is increasingly replacing the previous single, and very high level, cause of social system unsustainability:
Systematic increases in setting barriers for peoples capacity to meet their needs (e. g. inequality, discrimination, long working hours, access to healthcare, torture, right to demonstrate or vote, land grabbing, corruption, deny education). For example the Future Fit Business Benchmark uses the 8 causes of unsustainability. Previously, these were called the system conditions to be met so as not to degrade the socio ecological system.

In 1989, Robèrt wrote a paper describing the system conditions for sustainability, given these laws of nature amongst others. He sent it to 50 scientists, asking that they tell him what was wrong with his paper. On version 22, Robèrt had scientific consensus on what was to become The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) (Originally The Natural Step Framework. This was first published in a peer reviewed academic journal in 1991 under the title "From the Big Bang to Sustainable Societies". Since then there have been 2 more rounds of scientific consensus on the Framework, one was initiated by Paul Hawken in the USA (1994), one took place in Australia. Since the initial version several changes to the wording of the principles have been made (2001, 2006, 2015)., and an ongoing program of additional research, application and practice around the world.

Often confused with Strategy. To be able to be strategic, one needs to know where one wants to be or where one is heading.