Защита CD/DVD от копирования: методы и технологии

CD/DVD copy protection is a blanket term for various methods of copy protection for CDs and DVDs. Such methods include DRM, CD checks, Dummy Files, illegal tables of contents, over sizing or over burning the CD, physical errors and bad sectors. Many protection schemes rely on breaking compliance with CD and DVD standards, leading to playback problems on some devices. Protection schemes rely on distinctive features that:
can be applied to a medium during the manufacturing process, so that a protected medium is distinguishable from an unprotected one. cannot be faked, copied, or retroactively applied to an unprotected medium using typical hardware and software.

Most CD ROMs use the ISO9660 file system to organize the available storage space for use by a computer or player. This has the effect of establishing directories (i. e., folders) and files within those directories. Usually, the filesystem is modified to use extensions intended to overcome limitations in the ISO9660 filesystem design. These include Joliet, RockRidge, and El Torito extensions. These are, however, compatible additions to the underlying ISO9660 structure, not complete replacements or modifications. The most basic approach for a distinctive feature is to purposely fake some information within the filesystem. Early generations of software copied every single file one by one from the original medium and re created a new filesystem on the target medium.

Beside the main channel which holds all of the user data, a CD ROM contains a set of eight sub channels where certain meta information can be stored. (For an audio CD, the user data is the audio itself; for a data CD, it is the filesystem and file data.) One of the sub channels — the Q channel — states the drive's current position relative to the beginning of the CD and the current track. This was designed for Audio CDs (which for a few years were the only CDs), where this information is used to keep the drive on track; nevertheless the Q channel is filled even on Data CDs. Another sub channel, the P channel (which is the first of the subchannels) carries even more primitive information—a sort of semaphore—indicating the points where each track starts. As every Q channel field contains a 16 bit checksum over its content, copy protection can yet again use this field to distinguish between an original medium and a copy. Early generations of end user soft/hardware calculated the Q channel by themselves, not expecting them to carry any valuable information. Modern software and hardware are able to write any information given into the subchannels Q and P.

Stamped CDs are perfect clones and have the data always at the same position, whereas writable media differ from each other. Data Position Measurement (DPM) detects these little physical differences to efficiently protect against duplicates. DPM was first used publicly in 1996 by Link Data Security's CD Cops. SecuROM 4 and later uses this protection method, as do Nintendo optical discs.

The Red Book CD DA audio specification does not include any copy protection mechanism other than a simple anti copy flag. Starting in early 2002, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy protected" non standard compact discs. Philips stated that such discs were not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specification. There was great public outcry over copy protected discs because many saw it as a threat to fair use. For example, audio tracks on such media cannot be easily added to a personal music collection on a computer's hard disk or a portable (non CD) music player. Also, many ordinary CD audio players (e. g. in car radios) had problems playing copy protected media, mostly because they used hardware and firmware components also used in CD ROM drives. The reason for this reuse is cost efficiency; the components meet the Red Book standard, so no valid reason existed not to use them. Other car stereos that supported CD ROM discs containing compressed audio files (such as MP3, FLAC, or Windows Media) had to use some CD ROM drive hardware (meeting the Yellow Book CD ROM standard) in order to be capable of reading those discs. In late 2005, Sony BMG Music sparked the Sony CD copy protection scandal when it included a form of copy protection called Extended Copy Protection ("XCP") on discs from 52 artists. Upon inserting such a disc in the CD drive of a computer running Microsoft Windows, the XCP software would be installed. If CD ripper software (or other software, such as a real time effects program, that reads digital audio from the disc in the same way as a CD ripper) were to subsequently access the music tracks on the CD, XCP would substitute white noise for the audio on the disc. Technically inclined users and computer security professionals found that XCP contains a rootkit component. After installation, XCP went to great lengths to disguise its existence, and it even attempted to disable the computer's CD drive if XCP was forcibly removed. XCP's efforts to cloak itself unfortunately allowed writers of malware to amplify the damage done by their software, hiding the malware under XCP's cloak if XCP had been installed on the victim's machine. Several publishers of antivirus and anti spyware software updated their products to detect and remove XCP if found, on the grounds that it is a trojan horse or other malware; and an assistant secretary for the United States' Department of Homeland Security chastised companies that would cause security holes on customers' computers, reminding the companies that they do not own the computers. Facing resentment and class action lawsuits Sony BMG issued a product recall for all discs including XCP, and announced it was suspending use of XCP on future discs. On November 21, 2005 the Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott sued Sony BMG for XCP and on December 21, 2005 sued Sony BMG for MediaMax copy protection.

The provisions of law allow for redress to buyers of Audio CDs with Copyright Protection. The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 contains provisions in section 296ZE part VII that allow for "[a] remedy where effective technological measures prevent permitted acts". In practice, the consumer would make a complaint to the copyright holder of the Audio CD, usually a Record Label. The complaint would contain a request to the holder of the copyright to provide a "work around" in order to make use of the copy protected CD, to the extent that a non copyright protected CD could be used lawfully. Where the consumer believes the copyright holder has not been reasonable in entertaining the request, they are within their rights under the Act to make an application to the Secretary of State to review the merits of the complaint and (if the complaint is upheld) to instruct the copyright holder to implement a work around circumventing the copyright protection. Schedule 5A of the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 lists the permitted acts, to which the provisions of section 296ZE apply (i. e. lists the cases in which the consumer can use the remedy, if the copy protection prevents the user doing a permitted act).