Говер Соулсбери: Губернатор Делавэра и оппозиционер гражданским правам афроамериканцев
Gove Saulsbury
Гоув Солсбери: американский политик и губернатор Делавэра (1875-1879). Врач, демократ, выступал против гражданских прав афроамериканцев. Биография и история семьи.
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Введение
Гоув Солсбери (29 мая 1815 – 31 июля 1881) — американский врач и политик из Довера, штат Делавэр, округ Кент. Он был членом Демократической партии и служил в Генеральной ассамблее Делавера, а также занимал должность губернатора Делавера. Он возглавлял оппозицию предоставлению гражданских прав афроамериканцам в Делавере.
American politician
Gove Saulsbury (May 29, 1815 – July 31, 1881) was an American physician and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, and he served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware. He led opposition to civil rights for African Americans in Delaware.
Ранняя жизнь и семья
Солсбери родился в Миспиллон Хандред, округ Кент, штат Делавэр, сыном Уильяма и Маргарет Энн Смит Солсбери. Его отец был потомком семьи Салусбери из Уэльса, но изменил написание фамилии после Американской революции из-за лоялистских симпатий своей семьи. Он был старшим братом сенаторов США Уилларда Солсбери-старшего и Илая Солсбери и дядей сенатора США Уилларда Солсбери-младшего. Гоув Солсбери учился в Делавэрском колледже в Ньюарке и окончил Медицинскую школу Пенсильванского университета в 1842 году. Он женился на Розине Джейн Смит и имел пятерых детей: Маргарет, Оливию Смит, Розу, Гоува и Уильяма. Солсбери был врачом и жил на северо-западном углу Грин в Довере. Он и его семья были прихожанами методистской церкви. Выбор Солсбери деноминации вызвал некоторые разногласия в семье, так как оба его брата были убежденными епископалами. В 1861 году он был президентом Медицинского общества штата Делавэр.
Saulsbury was born in Mispillion Hundred, Kent County, Delaware, son of William and Margaret Ann Smith Saulsbury. His father was a descendant of the Salusbury Family of Wales, but changed the spelling of the name after the American Revolution due to his family's loyalist sympathies. He was the older brother of U. S. Senators Willard Saulsbury, Sr., and Eli Saulsbury and the uncle of U. S. Senator Willard Saulsbury, Jr. Gove Saulsbury attended Delaware College in Newark and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1842. He married Rosina Jane Smith and had five children: Margaret, Olivia Smith, Rosa, Gove, and William. Saulsbury was a medical doctor and lived at the northwest corner of the Green in Dover. He and his family were members of the Methodist Church. Saulsbury's choice of religious denomination sparked some controversy within the family as both of his brothers were staunch Episcopalians. In 1861 he was President of the Delaware Medical Society.
Профессиональная и политическая карьера
Солсбери был избран в Сенат штата Делавэр и служил в сессиях 1863/64 и 1865/66 годов. Он был спикером сессии 1865/66 годов и занял пост губернатора Делавера после смерти губернатора Уильяма Кэннона 1 марта 1865 года. Победив Джеймса Риддла из округа Нью-Кэстл, он был избран на полный срок в 1866 году и оставался на посту до 17 января 1871 года. Он был делегатом на Национальном съезде Демократической партии в 1876 году. С Соулсбери в качестве губернатора Демократическая партия установила полный контроль в Делавэре. Решительно выступая против Тринадцатой, Четырнадцатой и Пятнадцатой поправок к Конституции США, Соулсбери и демократы предприняли все возможные шаги для воспрепятствования их реализации и лишения афроамериканцев новоприобретенных прав. Это включало в себя предложение о продаже афроамериканцев, осужденных за определенные преступления, обратно в рабство. Эта тактика запугивания оказалась настолько успешной, что в 1868 году ни один республиканец не был избран в Генеральную Ассамблею штата Делавэр, и в последующие годы их избиралось крайне мало. По истечении срока полномочий Соулсбери он стремился занять место в Сенате США, которое занимал его брат, Уиллард Соулсбери. Уиллард скомпрометировал себя известной проблемой с алкоголем, и многие желали его замены. К несчастью для Гоува Соулсбери, третьего брата, Илай Соулсбери также претендовал на это место. После многочисленных туров голосования в Генеральной Ассамблее Уилларду стало ясно, что он не сможет победить, поэтому он перенаправил свои голоса на Илая, который в итоге и выиграл. Гоув Соулсбери вернулся к своей медицинской практике полный рабочий день.
Saulsbury was elected to the Delaware State Senate and served in the 1863/64 and 1865/66 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1865/66 session and succeeded to the office of Governor of Delaware on the death of Governor William Cannon on March 1, 1865. Defeating James Riddle of New Castle County, he was elected to a full term in his own right in 1866, and continued in office until January 17, 1871. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1876. With Saulsbury as governor, the Democratic Party took full control in Delaware. Strongly opposed to the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution, Saulsbury and the Democrats took every possible step to frustrate their implementation and deny the new rights given to African Americans. This included the recommendation that African Americans convicted of certain crimes be sold back into slavery. This fear mongering was so successful that no Republicans were elected to the Delaware General Assembly in 1868, and hardly any were elected for many years thereafter. When Saulsbury's term was over, he wanted to assume the U. S. Senate seat held by his brother, Willard Saulsbury. Willard had compromised himself with a well known drinking problem, and many wanted him replaced. Unfortunately for Gove Saulsbury, the third brother, Eli Saulsbury also wanted the seat. After much balloting in the General Assembly, it became apparent to Willard that he could not win, so he switched his votes to Eli, who consequently won. Gove Saulsbury returned to his medical practice full time. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker1865–186673rdDemocraticWilliam HitchDemocraticShephard P. Houston1867–186874thDemocraticJames PonderDemocraticWilliam A. Polk1869–187075thDemocraticJames WilliamsDemocraticJohn Hickman
Генеральная Ассамблея штата Делавэр (сессии в качестве губернатора)
Saulsbury was elected to the Delaware State Senate and served in the 1863/64 and 1865/66 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1865/66 session and succeeded to the office of Governor of Delaware on the death of Governor William Cannon on March 1, 1865. Defeating James Riddle of New Castle County, he was elected to a full term in his own right in 1866, and continued in office until January 17, 1871. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1876. With Saulsbury as governor, the Democratic Party took full control in Delaware. Strongly opposed to the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution, Saulsbury and the Democrats took every possible step to frustrate their implementation and deny the new rights given to African Americans. This included the recommendation that African Americans convicted of certain crimes be sold back into slavery. This fear mongering was so successful that no Republicans were elected to the Delaware General Assembly in 1868, and hardly any were elected for many years thereafter. When Saulsbury's term was over, he wanted to assume the U. S. Senate seat held by his brother, Willard Saulsbury. Willard had compromised himself with a well known drinking problem, and many wanted him replaced. Unfortunately for Gove Saulsbury, the third brother, Eli Saulsbury also wanted the seat. After much balloting in the General Assembly, it became apparent to Willard that he could not win, so he switched his votes to Eli, who consequently won. Gove Saulsbury returned to his medical practice full time. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker1865–186673rdDemocraticWilliam HitchDemocraticShephard P. Houston1867–186874thDemocraticJames PonderDemocraticWilliam A. Polk1869–187075thDemocraticJames WilliamsDemocraticJohn Hickman
ГодСенат Большинство Спикер Палата представителей Большинство Спикер
1865–186673-й ДемократыУильям ХитчДемократыШепард П. Хьюстон
1867–186874-й ДемократыДжеймс ПондерДемократыУильям А. Полк
1869–187075-й ДемократыДжеймс УильямсДемократыДжон Хикман
Saulsbury was elected to the Delaware State Senate and served in the 1863/64 and 1865/66 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1865/66 session and succeeded to the office of Governor of Delaware on the death of Governor William Cannon on March 1, 1865. Defeating James Riddle of New Castle County, he was elected to a full term in his own right in 1866, and continued in office until January 17, 1871. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1876. With Saulsbury as governor, the Democratic Party took full control in Delaware. Strongly opposed to the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution, Saulsbury and the Democrats took every possible step to frustrate their implementation and deny the new rights given to African Americans. This included the recommendation that African Americans convicted of certain crimes be sold back into slavery. This fear mongering was so successful that no Republicans were elected to the Delaware General Assembly in 1868, and hardly any were elected for many years thereafter. When Saulsbury's term was over, he wanted to assume the U. S. Senate seat held by his brother, Willard Saulsbury. Willard had compromised himself with a well known drinking problem, and many wanted him replaced. Unfortunately for Gove Saulsbury, the third brother, Eli Saulsbury also wanted the seat. After much balloting in the General Assembly, it became apparent to Willard that he could not win, so he switched his votes to Eli, who consequently won. Gove Saulsbury returned to his medical practice full time. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker1865–186673rdDemocraticWilliam HitchDemocraticShephard P. Houston1867–186874thDemocraticJames PonderDemocraticWilliam A. Polk1869–187075thDemocraticJames WilliamsDemocraticJohn Hickman
Смерть и наследие
Солсбери умер в Довере и похоронен на кладбище методистской церкви Уэсли. В 1861 году он был президентом Медицинского общества Делавера, а в 1873 году – одним из основателей колледжа Уэсли в Довере. Он был сильным и влиятельным лидером крайне реакционного большинства в Делавере, и его политика определяла тон и повестку дня для значительной части политической жизни на протяжении целого поколения. По словам Шарфа, Соулсбери отличался "глубоким чувством личной ответственности. Он обладал сильной волей и настойчиво отстаивал свои убеждения, часто и искренне, и, как казалось его оппонентам, упрямо". Губернатор Роберт Рейнольдс описывал его как "человека, выдающегося своей хитростью. Он был самым проницательным, самым хитрым человеком и самым прирожденным политиком, которого когда-либо видел Делавэр". Говорили, что он "никогда не извинялся, не шел на компромиссы и не сдавался, если это не отвечало его интересам".
Saulsbury died at Dover and is buried at Wesley Methodist Church Cemetery. He was President of the Delaware Medical Society in 1861, and in 1873 was one of the founders of Wesley College in Dover. He was a strong and effective leader for a bitterly reactionary majority in Delaware, and his policies set the tone and the agenda for much political activity for a generation. According to Scharf, Saulsbury had "a deep sense of personal responsibility. He had a strong will and asserted his opinions earnestly and often, and as it seemed to those who differed with him, obstinately." Governor Robert J. Reynolds described him as "distinguished for his cunning. He was the slyest, cunningest man, and the most natural born politician Delaware ever produced." He was said to have "never apologized, compromised, or surrendered, unless it was in his interest."