Роджер Линн: Пионер цифровых барабанных машин и семплирования.

American engineer

Roger Curtis Linn is an American designer of electronic musical instruments and equipment. He is the designer of the LM 1, the first drum machine to use samples, and the MPC sampler, which had a major influence on the development of hip hop. Roger Linn is also a member of the Dead Presidents Society, a group of innovators in the field of electronic music.

In 1979, Roger Linn and Alex Moffett founded Linn Moffett Electronics (soon to be renamed Linn Electronics) to develop Linn's design for a drum machine that uses digital samples. It would be called LM 1 for Linn/Moffett/1. Moffett left the company in 1982. Linn used his new drum machine and performed with Leon Russell on his album Life and Love in 1979.

In 1980, Roger Linn released the world's first drum machine to use digital samples, the LM 1 Drum Computer. The LM 1 was the first drum machine to use samples of a real drum kit, which Linn recorded with Los Angeles session drummer Art Wood. Examples of the LM 1 in use can be found on recordings by Prince, Gary Numan, and Michael Jackson.

In 1982 Linn released the LinnDrum as the successor to the LM 1. It improved on the LM 1 in some ways like the addition of crash and ride cymbal samples. One drawback: on the LinnDrum, only the snare, tom, and conga samples can be tuned, whereas the LM 1 allows every sound to be individually tuned. Its high quality samples, flexibility and affordability made the LinnDrum popular. It sold more units than its predecessor (the LM 1) and its successor (the Linn 9000) combined. The LinnDrum was used on countless recordings throughout the 1980s, including a Ha's international hit "Take On Me".

In 1984 Linn released the Linn 9000 as the successor to the LinnDrum. It was the first integrated digital drum machine and MIDI sequencer. The 9000 had innovative features, like dynamic sensitive rubber pads, and would influence many future drum machine designs. But chronic software bugs led to a reputation for unreliability and contributed to the eventual demise of the company. The 9000 can be heard on Michael Jackson's 1987 album, Bad, on the cuts such as "Bad" and "Liberian Girl".

In 1985, Linn released the LinnSequencer, a rack mount 32 track hardware MIDI sequencer. It used the same flawed operating system used in the Linn 9000. As a result, the machine earned a reputation for unreliability. It used the same flawed operating system used in the Linn 9000. It never went into production because Linn Electronics went out of business the following month. Similarities between the LinnDrum Midistudio and the Akai MPC series lead some to perceive a family resemblance. Most notably, the Midistudio has sixteen dynamic sensitive rubber pads in the distinctive, four by four pattern, that would become the hallmark of the MPCs, starting with the MPC60.

Linn Electronics went out of business in February 1986. Forat Electronics purchased their remaining assets, manufactured and sold the Forat F9000 and LinnSequencer until 1994 and provide service, sounds, customization and upgrades for the entire Linn Electronics line. The LM 1, LinnDrum and Linn 9000 became synonymous with the music of the 1980s. The Linn 9000 and LinnDrum Midistudio pioneered the concept of the Music Production Center or MPC.

After Linn Electronics, Linn collaborated with the Japanese company Akai to design the MPC60, an integrated digital sampling drum machine and MIDI sequencer released in 1988. According to Linn, "[The collaboration] was a good fit because Akai needed a creative designer with ideas and I didn't want to do sales, marketing, finance or manufacturing, all of which Akai was very good at." The MPC60 was followed by the MPC60 MkII and the MPC3000. Linn aimed to design an affordable user friendly instrument that did not require extensive musical knowledge or studio equipment to use. Akai has continued to produce MPC models without Linn, such as the MPC2000;

The AdrenaLinn was followed up with the AdrenaLinn II and AdrenaLinn III.

Roger Linn and Dave Smith announced co development of a drum machine product, originally to be called BoomChik, but changed to LinnDrum II in December 2007, a reference to one of Linn's early popular drum machines: the LinnDrum. The LinnDrum II was renamed the Tempest, and co released by Roger Linn Designs and Dave Smith Instruments in 2011.

In late 2014, after several years of development, Linn released the LinnStrument, a music performance controller with 3D note expression. The grid based MIDI controller, playable with one or two hands, is velocity sensitive, but also senses three dimensions per finger, polyphonically. It can employ MPE, thereby using a full MIDI channel per note. Two versions are available, the larger original LinnStrument as well as the smaller LinnStrument 128. Almost the entire surface of the controller is covered by its 8 by 25 (or 8 by 16 in the case of the LinnStrument 128) grid. The fingertip sized fields are each able to measure and transmit velocity, aftertouch, x position relative to the entire row (or any subset thereof), y position within a field, as well as release velocity. It is highly adaptable and can also function in more traditional MIDI configurations, accommodating sound generators that don't yet support MPE and allowing them to be played more expressively. The LinnStrument has several additional features, such as an arpeggiator, a velocity sensitive step sequencer as well as freely assignable virtual MIDI faders. It is USB powered and can communicate via USB or 5 pin MIDI.

Roger Linn has had a level of songwriting success, penning hits ("Promises", Eric Clapton 1979; "Quittin' Time", Lou Ann Barton 1986, Mary Chapin Carpenter 1991, Amy Bishop 2009), and having toured as a guitarist with the pianist/songwriter Leon Russell in the 1970s at age 21.