2К22 "Тунгуска": Советский зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс

The 2K22 Tunguska ( 2К22 "Тунгуска") is a Soviet tracked self propelled anti aircraft gun armed with a surface to air gun and missile system. It is designed to provide day and night protection for infantry and tank regiments against low flying aircraft, helicopters, and cruise missiles in all weather conditions. The NATO reporting name for the missile used by the weapon system is SA 19 "Grison".

Development of the 2K22 anti aircraft system began on 8 June 1970. At the request of the Soviet Ministry of Defense, the KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula, under the guidance of the appointed Chief Designer Шипунов, Аркадий Георгиевич, started work on a 30mm anti aircraft system as a replacement for the 23mm ZSU 23 4. The initial requirements set for the system were to achieve twice the performance in terms of range, altitude and combat effectiveness of the ZSU 23 4, additionally the system should have a reaction time no greater than 10 seconds. However, development was slowed between 1975 and 1977 after the introduction of the 9K33 Osa missile system, which seemed to fill the same requirement but with greater missile performance. After some considerable debate, it was felt that a purely missile based system would not be as effective at dealing with very low flying attack helicopters attacking at short range with no warning as had been proven so successful in the 1973 Arab Israeli War. Since the reaction time of a gun system is around 8–10 seconds, compared to approximately 30 seconds for a missile based system, development was restarted.

The GRAU index lists the "Tunguska" system as 2K22. A complete system or battery consists of six 2S6 combat vehicles armed with the 9M311 "Treugol'nik" (triangle) surface to air missile and two 2A38 30 mm cannons. These are accompanied by up to three 2F77 transloader trucks. The 2K22 is also associated with a variety of support facilities including the 2F55, 1R10 and 2V110 repair and maintenance vehicles, the MTO AGZ workshop and the 9V921 test vehicle and others. These facilities provide maintenance for the 2K22 battery in the field as well as scheduled overhauls. Each system can attack six targets simultaneously (1 for each machine 2S6) limited to a ceiling of and an elevation of −10° to 87°. The 2S6 combat vehicle uses the GM 352 and later GM 352M chassis developed and produced by the Minsk Tractor Plant (MTZ) which has six road wheels with hydropneumatic suspension on each side, a drive sprocket at the rear and three return rollers. An NBC system is also integrated into the chassis, which is armored to protect it from small arms fire. an automatic gear change and diagnostic capability are available with latest Tunguska M1 which uses the new GM 5975 chassis developed and produced by MMZ. GM 5975.25 has a cruising range of and a maximum speed of It can function in ambient temperatures of and up to an altitude of It has an ability of climb hills with up to a 35° slope. Overall, the layout is similar to the previous ZSU 23 4 with a large central 360 degree rotating turret (designated the 2A40) containing the armament, sensors and three of the crew: the commander, gunner and radar operator. The driver sits in the front left of the hull, with a gas turbine APU to his right and the multi fuel diesel engine in the rear of the hull. An electromechanically scanned parabolic E band (10 kW power) target acquisition radar is mounted on the rear top of the turret that when combined with the turret front mounted J band (150 kW power) monopulse tracking radar forms the 1RL144 (NATO:Hot Shot) pulse Doppler 3D radar system, which can detect and track targets flying as high as Alongside the 1A26 digital computer and the 1G30 angle measurement system form the 1A27 radar complex. Tunguska M has the 1RL144M radar with detection range and tracking range The mechanically scanned target acquisition radar for the Tunguska M1 offers a 360° field of view, a detection range of around and can detect targets flying as low as Its tracking radar has a range of A C/D band IFF system is also fitted and designated 1RL138. The radar system is highly protected against various types of interference, and can work if there are mountains on the horizon, regardless of the background. The system is able to fire on the move using 30 mm cannons, although it must be stationary to fire missiles. The maximum target speed can be up to
Standard equipment of the 2S6 and 2S6M includes a computerized fire control system, heating, ventilation, NBC system, an automatic fire detection and suppression system, navigational equipment, night vision aids, 1V116 intercom, external communications system with an R 173 receiver modernized in the 2S6M for better communication with the command post and monitoring equipment. The vehicle also has protection against the effects of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.

The dual 2А38 [ru] 30 mm cannons (as well as the later 2A38M) were designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau and manufactured by the Tulamashzavod Joint Stock Company. The cannons are fired alternatively with a combined rate of fire of between 3,900 and 5,000 rounds per minute (1,950 to 2,500 rpm for each gun), which gives a continuous fire time of 23–30 seconds before running out of ammunition, and have a muzzle velocity of Bursts of between 83 and 250 rounds are fired as determined by the target type, with an engagement range between HE T and HE I shells are used and fitted with an A 670 time and impact fuze which includes an arming delay and self destruct mechanism.

The system uses the same 9M311 (NATO: SA 19/SA N 11) missile family as the naval CIWS Kashtan which can engage targets at a range of and to an altitude of The second stage has four fixed fins, and four steerable control surfaces. The complete missile is around long and a mass of The gunner is initially cued towards the target by the system's search radar. Once the missile is steered to within of the target, an active laser or radio fuse (9M311 M1) is triggered. A contact fuse is also fitted. The warhead weighs about , and is a continuous rod system, consisting of long, diameter rods, which break into fragments weighing The rods form a complete ring about from the missile. and at the 9th Zhuhai Airshow held in November 2012, a suspected Chinese derivative of 2K22 Tunguska designated as FK 1000 (similar to this system is Sky Dragon 12, SD 12, Tianlong 12 on an 8 wheel chassis, only rockets) was revealed to public. The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASIC) developed FK 1000, differs from 2K22 Tunguska in that FK 1000 is mounted on an 8 × 8 truck, and the 30 mm guns of Tunguska are replaced by 25 mm autocannons. The radars of FK 1000 are arranged in exactly the same way as in the 2K22 Tunguska, but mechanically scanned surveillance and tracking radars of Tunguska are both replaced by a phased array radars in FK 1000. A total of 12 missiles are mounted on the sides of weapons station, with 6 on each side, in the form of 2 rows of 3 containers/launchers each. The missile of FK 1000 is designated as KS 1000, which is also surprisingly similar to 9M311, and this has led many in the west to claim that FK 1000 system is derived from 2K22 Tunguska, but with cheaper price tag than the latest Russian system: in comparison to the 15 million dollars of Pantsir S1 (SA 22), FK 1000 system is priced at 5 million dollars.

Variants of the 2K22 system have continued to serve in the Soviet and later Russian armed forces since their initial introduction in 1984. The 2K22 has also been inducted into the armed forces of a number of foreign states, most notably India. The 2K22 has been used in the 2008 South Ossetia war by Russian armed forces. The 2K22 has been used in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by Ukrainian and Russian forces. In June 2023, Ukraine ordered the repair, refurbishment, and spare parts through the International Fund for Ukraine.

: Passed on to successor states.