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Содержание
Введение
Комиссар образования — это наименование должности главы федерального Управления образования, которое исторически являлось подразделением в составе и первоначально относилось к Министерству внутренних дел Соединенных Штатов. Должность была учреждена 2 марта 1867 года, когда вступил в силу закон об учреждении Управления образования, под влиянием более радикального крыла Республиканской партии. Это крыло имело наибольшее влияние в северных штатах и Новой Англии, которые были значительно более прогрессивными в сфере образования и уже создали множество государственных департаментов образования. Там также было развито большое количество государственных школ и систем в городах, поселках и округах, как на начальном (начальном) уровне, так и на уровне средней школы, в то время как Юг отставал в этой области. Комиссар был высшим должностным лицом правительства США в сфере образования после Гражданской войны и в период Реконструкции, начавшейся в 1867 году, до 1972 года, когда в рамках независимого Департамента здравоохранения, образования и социального обеспечения был создан пост помощника министра образования. Департамент ЗОС был ранее создан в апреле 1953 года как ведомственный департамент при президенте Гарри Трумене, продолжая предыдущие достижения, осуществленные администрацией Франклина Д. Рузвельта и начатые при Дуайте Д. Эйзенхауэре.
The Commissioner of Education was the title given to the head of the federal Office of Education, which was historically a unit within and originally assigned to the Department of the Interior in the United States. The position was created on March 2, 1867, when an act to establish the Office of Education took effect under the influence of the more Radical Republican Party. They were influential mostly in the Northern states and New England, which were much more progressive in the fields of education and had already established many state departments of education. They also had a large number of public schools and systems in cities, towns and counties, both at the elementary (grammar) school and high school levels, in which the South had lagged behind. The commissioner was the U. S. government's highest education official from after the Civil War and its reforming period of Reconstruction in 1867, until 1972, when the office of Assistant Secretary for Education was established within the independent Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The H. E. W. department had been earlier created as a cabinet level department in April 1953, under President Harry Truman, continuing the previous advances created by the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt and instigated under Dwight D. Eisenhower. Formulating educational policy
Administering the various functions of the Office of Education
Coordinating educational activities at the national level
The commissioner also served as an ex officio member of the District of Columbia Commission on Licensure, the Board of Foreign Scholarships and served as the governmental representative on the U. S. National Commission for UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
В обязанности комиссара входило:
The Commissioner of Education was the title given to the head of the federal Office of Education, which was historically a unit within and originally assigned to the Department of the Interior in the United States. The position was created on March 2, 1867, when an act to establish the Office of Education took effect under the influence of the more Radical Republican Party. They were influential mostly in the Northern states and New England, which were much more progressive in the fields of education and had already established many state departments of education. They also had a large number of public schools and systems in cities, towns and counties, both at the elementary (grammar) school and high school levels, in which the South had lagged behind. The commissioner was the U. S. government's highest education official from after the Civil War and its reforming period of Reconstruction in 1867, until 1972, when the office of Assistant Secretary for Education was established within the independent Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The H. E. W. department had been earlier created as a cabinet level department in April 1953, under President Harry Truman, continuing the previous advances created by the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt and instigated under Dwight D. Eisenhower. Formulating educational policy
Administering the various functions of the Office of Education
Coordinating educational activities at the national level
The commissioner also served as an ex officio member of the District of Columbia Commission on Licensure, the Board of Foreign Scholarships and served as the governmental representative on the U. S. National Commission for UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
Формирование образовательной политики
Осуществление различных функций Управления образования
Координация образовательной деятельности на национальном уровне
The Commissioner of Education was the title given to the head of the federal Office of Education, which was historically a unit within and originally assigned to the Department of the Interior in the United States. The position was created on March 2, 1867, when an act to establish the Office of Education took effect under the influence of the more Radical Republican Party. They were influential mostly in the Northern states and New England, which were much more progressive in the fields of education and had already established many state departments of education. They also had a large number of public schools and systems in cities, towns and counties, both at the elementary (grammar) school and high school levels, in which the South had lagged behind. The commissioner was the U. S. government's highest education official from after the Civil War and its reforming period of Reconstruction in 1867, until 1972, when the office of Assistant Secretary for Education was established within the independent Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The H. E. W. department had been earlier created as a cabinet level department in April 1953, under President Harry Truman, continuing the previous advances created by the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt and instigated under Dwight D. Eisenhower. Formulating educational policy
Administering the various functions of the Office of Education
Coordinating educational activities at the national level
The commissioner also served as an ex officio member of the District of Columbia Commission on Licensure, the Board of Foreign Scholarships and served as the governmental representative on the U. S. National Commission for UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
Комиссар также являлся по должности членом Комиссии по лицензированию округа Колумбия, Совета по иностранным стипендиям и представлял правительство в Национальной комиссии США при ЮНЕСКО (Организации Объединенных Наций по вопросам образования, науки и культуры).
The Commissioner of Education was the title given to the head of the federal Office of Education, which was historically a unit within and originally assigned to the Department of the Interior in the United States. The position was created on March 2, 1867, when an act to establish the Office of Education took effect under the influence of the more Radical Republican Party. They were influential mostly in the Northern states and New England, which were much more progressive in the fields of education and had already established many state departments of education. They also had a large number of public schools and systems in cities, towns and counties, both at the elementary (grammar) school and high school levels, in which the South had lagged behind. The commissioner was the U. S. government's highest education official from after the Civil War and its reforming period of Reconstruction in 1867, until 1972, when the office of Assistant Secretary for Education was established within the independent Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The H. E. W. department had been earlier created as a cabinet level department in April 1953, under President Harry Truman, continuing the previous advances created by the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt and instigated under Dwight D. Eisenhower. Formulating educational policy
Administering the various functions of the Office of Education
Coordinating educational activities at the national level
The commissioner also served as an ex officio member of the District of Columbia Commission on Licensure, the Board of Foreign Scholarships and served as the governmental representative on the U. S. National Commission for UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
История
Независимое федеральное управление образованием было создано 2 марта 1867 года.
The independent federal Office of Education was created on March 2, 1867.
Список комиссаров образования
Комиссар Срок службы Генри Барнард 11 марта 1867 г. – 15 марта 1870 г. Джон Итон 16 марта 1870 г. – 5 августа 1886 г. Натаниэль Х. Р. Доусон 6 августа 1886 г. – 3 сентября 1889 г. Уильям Торри Харрис 12 сентября 1889 г. – 30 июня 1906 г. Элмер Эллсворт Браун 1 июля 1906 г. – 30 июня 1911 г. Филандер Клэкстон 1 июля 1911 г. – 1921 г. Джон Дж. Тигерт 1921 г. – 1928 г. Уильям Джон Купер 1929 г. – 1933 г. Джордж Ф. Зук 1933 г. – 1934 г. Джон Уорд Студебеккер 1934 г. – 1948 г. Эрл Джеймс Макграт 1949 г. – 1953 г. Ли М. Терстон 1953 г. Самуэль Миллер Браунелл 1953 г. – 1956 г. Лоуренс Гридли Дертик 1956 г. – 1961 г. Стерлинг М. МакМеррин 1961 г. – 1962 г. Фрэнсис Кеппел 1962 г. – 1965 г. Гарольд Хоу II 1965 г. – 1968 г. Джеймс Э. Аллен мл. 1969 г. – 1970 г. Сидни П. Марланд мл. 1970 г. – 1973 г. Джон Р. Оттина 1973 г. – 1974 г. Террел Белл 1974 г. – 1976 г. Эдвард Агирре 1976 г. – 1977 г. Эрнест Л. Бойер 1977 г. – 1979 г. Уильям Л. Смит 1980 г.
Commissioner Term Henry Barnard March 11, 1867–March 15, 1870 John Eaton March 16, 1870–August 5, 1886 Nathaniel H. R. Dawson August 6, 1886–September 3, 1889 William Torrey Harris September 12, 1889–June 30, 1906 Elmer Ellsworth Brown July 1, 1906–June 30, 1911 Philander Claxton July 1, 1911–1921 John J. Tigert 1921–1928 William John Cooper 1929–1933 George F. Zook 1933–1934 John Ward Studebaker 1934–1948 Earl James McGrath 1949–1953 Lee M. Thurston 1953 Samuel Miller Brownell 1953–1956 Lawrence Gridley Derthick 1956–1961 Sterling M. McMurrin 1961–1962 Francis Keppel 1962–1965 Harold Howe II 1965–1968 James E. Allen Jr. 1969–1970 Sidney P. Marland Jr. 1970–1973 John R. Ottina 1973–1974 Terrel Bell 1974–1976 Edward Aguirre 1976–1977 Ernest L. Boyer 1977–1979 William L. Smith 1980