Высокий динамический диапазон: технологии и применение в изображениях и видео.

Enhanced signal representation in images, videos, audio or radio

High dynamic range (HDR), also known as wide dynamic range, extended dynamic range, or expanded dynamic range, is a signal with a higher dynamic range than usual. The term is often used in discussing the dynamic ranges of images, videos, audio or radio. It may also apply to the means of recording, processing, and reproducing such signals including analog and digitized signals.

In this context, the term high dynamic range means there is a large amount of variation in light levels within a scene or an image. The dynamic range refers to the range of luminosity between the brightest area and the darkest area of that scene or image. (HDRI) refers to the set of imaging technologies and techniques that allow the dynamic range of images or videos to be increased. It covers the acquisition, creation, storage, distribution and display of images and videos. Modern movies have often been filmed with cameras featuring a higher dynamic range, and legacy movies can be converted even if manual intervention will be needed for some frames (as when black and white films are converted to color). Also, special effects, especially those that mix real and synthetic footage, require both HDR shooting and rendering. HDR video is also needed in applications that demand high accuracy for capturing temporal aspects of changes in the scene. This is important in monitoring of some industrial processes such as welding, in predictive driver assistance systems in automotive industry, in surveillance video systems, and other applications.

In photography and videography, a technique, commonly named high dynamic range (HDR), allows the dynamic range of photos and videos to be captured beyond the native capability of the camera. It consists of capturing multiple frames of the same scene but with different exposures and then combining them into one, resulting into an image with a dynamic range higher than the individually captured frames. Some of the sensors on modern phones and cameras may even combine the two images on chip. This also allows a wider dynamic range being directly available to the user for display or processing without in pixel compression. Some cameras designed for use in security applications can capture HDR videos by automatically providing two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range images from a single exposure. This reduces the need to use the multi exposure HDR capture technique. High dynamic range images are used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. In security cameras the term used instead of HDR is "wide dynamic range". Because of the nonlinearity of some sensors image artifacts can be common.

High dynamic range rendering (HDRR) is the real time rendering and display of virtual environments using a dynamic range of 65,535:1 or higher (used in computer, gaming, and entertainment technology).

The technologies used to store, transmit, display and print images have limited dynamic range. When captured or created images have a higher dynamic range, they must be tone mapped in order to reduce that dynamic range.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Steve Mann invented the Generation 1 and Generation 2 "Digital Eye Glass" as a vision aid to help people see better with some versions being built into welding helmets for HDR vision.

In Audio, the term high dynamic range means there is a lot of variation in the levels of the sound. Here, the dynamic range refers to the range between the highest volume and lowest volume of the sound. XDR (audio) is used to provide higher quality audio when using microphone sound systems or recording onto cassette tapes. HDR Audio is a dynamic mixing technique used in EA Digital Illusions CE Frostbite Engine to allow relatively louder sounds to drown out softer sounds. Dynamic range compression is a set of techniques used in audio recording and communication to put high dynamic range material through channels or media of lower dynamic range. Optionally, dynamic range expansion is used to restore the original high dynamic range on playback.

In radio, high dynamic range is important especially when there are potentially interfering signals. Measures such as spurious free dynamic range are used to quantify the dynamic range of various system components such as frequency synthesizers. HDR concepts are important in both conventional and software defined radio design.

In many fields, instruments need to have a very high dynamic range. For example, in seismology, HDR accelerometers are needed, as in the ICEARRAY instruments.