События в истории: от античности до Второй мировой войны.

222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14 year old cousin, Severus Alexander. 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire. 1343 – Arnošt of Pardubice becomes the last Bishop of Prague (3 March 1343 O. S.), and, a year later, the first Archbishop of Prague. 1387 – Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.

1641 – Guaraní forces living in the Jesuit reductions defeat bandeirantes loyal to the Portuguese Empire at the Battle of Mbororé in present day Panambí, Argentina. 1649 – The Frondeurs and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil. 1702 – The Daily Courant, England's first national daily newspaper, is published for the first time. 1708 – Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation. 1784 – The signing of the Treaty of Mangalore brings the Second Anglo Mysore War to an end. 1795 – The Battle of Kharda is fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam of Hyderabad, resulting in Maratha victory. 1845 – Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hōne Heke, Kawiti and Māori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororāreka, New Zealand. 1848 – Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Prime Ministers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government. 1851 – The first performance of Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi takes place in Venice. 1861 – American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted. 1864 – The Great Sheffield Flood kills 238 people in Sheffield, England. 1872 – Construction of the Seven Sisters Colliery, South Wales, begins; it is located on one of the richest coal sources in Britain. 1879 – Shō Tai formally abdicates his position of King of Ryūkyū, under orders from Tokyo, ending the Ryukyu Kingdom. 1888 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400 people.

1917 – World War I: Mesopotamian campaign: Baghdad falls to Anglo Indian forces commanded by General Frederick Stanley Maude. 1927 – In New York City, Samuel Roxy Rothafel opens the Roxy Theatre. 1941 – World War II: United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Lend Lease Act into law, allowing American built war supplies to be shipped to the Allies on loan. 1945 – World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy attempts a large scale kamikaze attack on the U. S. Pacific Fleet anchored at Ulithi atoll in Operation Tan No. 2. 1945 – World War II: The Empire of Vietnam, a short lived Japanese puppet state, is established. 1946 – Rudolf Höss, the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, is captured by British troops. 1977 – The 1977 Hanafi Siege: Around 150 hostages held in Washington, D. C., by Hanafi Muslims are set free after ambassadors from three Islamic nations join negotiations. 1978 – Coastal Road massacre: At least 37 are killed and more than 70 are wounded when Fatah hijack an Israeli bus, prompting Israel's Operation Litani. 1981 – Hundreds of students protest in the University of Pristina in Kosovo, then part of Yugoslavia, to give their province more political rights. The protests then became a nationwide movement. 1982 – Fifteen people are killed when Widerøe Flight 933 crashes into the Barents Sea near Gamvik, Norway. 1983 – Bob Hawke is appointed Prime Minister of Australia. 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev is elected to the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, making Gorbachev the USSR's de facto, and last, head of state. 1990 – Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union. 1990 – Patricio Aylwin is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Chile since 1970. 2003 – The International Criminal Court holds its inaugural session in The Hague. 2004 – Madrid train bombings: Simultaneous explosions on rush hour trains in Madrid, Spain kill 191 people. 2006 – Michelle Bachelet is inaugurated as the first female president of Chile. 2009 – Winnenden school shooting: Fifteen are killed and nine are injured before recent graduate Tim Kretschmer shoots and kills himself, leading to tightened weapons restrictions in Germany. 2010 – Economist and businessman Sebastián Piñera is sworn in as President of Chile. Aftershocks of the 2010 Pichilemu earthquakes hit central Chile during the ceremony. 2011 – An earthquake measuring 9.0 in magnitude strikes east of Sendai, Japan, triggering a tsunami killing thousands of people. This event also triggered the second largest nuclear accident in history, and one of only two events to be classified as a Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale. 2012 – A U. S. soldier kills 16 civilians in the Panjwayi District of Afghanistan near Kandahar. 2018 – A Bombardier Challenger 604 crashes into the Zagros Mountains near the Iranian city of Shar e kord, killing all 11 people on board. 2020 – The World Health Organization (WHO) declares the COVID 19 virus epidemic a pandemic. 2021 – US President Joe Biden signs the $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan into law. 2023 – The Burmese military kills at least 30 villagers, including 3 Buddhist monks, during the Pinlaung massacre in Shan State, Myanmar.

1278 – Mary of Woodstock, daughter of Edward I of England (d. c. 1332)
1544 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet and educator (d. 1595)
1785 – John McLean, American jurist and politician (d. 1861)
1806 – Louis Boulanger, French Romantic painter, lithographer and illustrator (d. 1867)
1811 – Urbain Le Verrier, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1877)
1815 – Anna Bochkoltz, German operatic soprano, voice teacher and composer (d. 1879)
1818 – Marius Petipa, French Russian dancer and choreographer (d. 1910)
1819 – Henry Tate, English businessman and philanthropist, founded Tate & Lyle (d. 1899)
1822 – Joseph Louis François Bertrand, French mathematician, economist, and academic (d. 1900)
1863 – Andrew Stoddart, English cricketer and rugby player (d. 1915)
1870 – Louis Bachelier, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1946)
1876 – Carl Ruggles, American composer and painter (d. 1971)
1880 – Harry H. Laughlin, American eugenicist and sociologist (d. 1943)
1884 – Lewi Pethrus, Swedish minister and hymn writer (d. 1974)
1885 – Malcolm Campbell, English race car driver (d. 1948)
1887 – Raoul Walsh, American actor and director (d. 1980)
1890 – Vannevar Bush, American engineer and academic (d. 1974)
1893 – Wanda Gág, American author and illustrator (d. 1946)
1897 – Henry Cowell, American pianist and composer (d. 1965)
1898 – Dorothy Gish, American actress (d. 1968)
1899 – Frederik IX of Denmark (d. 1972)
1899 – James H. Douglas, Jr., American lawyer, and politician, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense (d. 1988)

222 – Elagabalus, Roman emperor (b. 203)
1198 – Marie of France, Countess of Champagne (b. 1145)
1486 – Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1414)
1575 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian theologian and reformer (b. 1520)

1602 – Emilio de' Cavalieri, Italian organist and composer (b. 1550)
1607 – Giovanni Maria Nanino, Italian composer and educator (b. 1543)
1665 – Clemente Tabone, Maltese landowner and militia member (b. c. 1575)
1689 – Sambhaji, second Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire (b. 1657)
1722 – John Toland, Irish philosopher and theorist (b. 1670)
1759 – John Forbes, Scottish general (b. 1707)
1820 – Benjamin West, American English painter and academic (b. 1738)
1851 – Marie Louise Coidavid, Queen of Haiti (b. 1778)
1851 – George McDuffie, American lawyer and politician, 55th Governor of South Carolina (b. 1790)
1863 – Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet, English general (b. 1803)
1869 – Vladimir Odoyevsky, Russian philosopher and critic (b. 1803)
1870 – Moshoeshoe I of Lesotho (b. 1786)
1874 – Charles Sumner, American lawyer and politician (b. 1811)
1898 – William Rosecrans, American general and politician (b. 1819)

1907 – Jean Casimir Perier, French lawyer and politician, 6th President of France (b. 1847)
1908 – Edmondo De Amicis, Italian journalist and author (b. 1846)
1908 – Benjamin Waugh, English minister and activist (b. 1839)
1915 – Thomas Alexander Browne, English Australian author (b. 1826)
1931 – F. W. Murnau, German American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1888)
1937 – Joseph S. Cullinan, American businessman, co founded Texaco (b. 1860)
1944 – Hendrik Willem van Loon, Dutch American journalist and historian (b. 1882)
1944 – Edgar Zilsel, Austrian historian and philosopher of science, linked to the Vienna Circle (b. 1891)
1949 – Henri Giraud, French general and politician (b. 1879)
1952 – Pierre Renoir, French actor and director (b. 1885)
1955 – Alexander Fleming, Scottish biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1881)
1955 – Oscar F. Mayer, German American businessman, founded Oscar Mayer (b. 1859)
1956 – Aleksanteri Aava, Finnish poet (b. 1883)
1957 – Richard E. Byrd, American admiral and explorer (b. 1888)
1959 – Lester Dent, American author (b. 1904)
1960 – Roy Chapman Andrews, American paleontologist and explorer (b. 1884)
1967 – Geraldine Farrar, American soprano and actress (b. 1882)
1969 – John Wyndham, English author (b. 1903)
1970 – Erle Stanley Gardner, American lawyer and author (b. 1889)
1971 – Philo Farnsworth, American inventor (b. 1906)
1971 – Whitney Young, American activist (b. 1921)
1978 – Claude François, French entertainer (b. 1939)
1982 – Edmund Cooper, English poet and author (b. 1926)
1982 – Horace Gregory, American poet, translator, and academic (b. 1898)
1986 – Sonny Terry, American singer and harmonica player (b. 1911)
1989 – James Kee, American lawyer and politician (b. 1917)
1989 – John J. McCloy, American lawyer and diplomat (b. 1895)
1992 – Richard Brooks, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1912)
1995 – Myfanwy Talog, Welsh actress and singer (b. 1945)
1996 – Vince Edwards, American actor and director (b. 1928)
1999 – Herbert Jasper, Canadian psychologist, anatomist, and neurologist (b. 1906)
1999 – Camille Laurin, Canadian psychiatrist and politician (b. 1922)
2002 – James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
2006 – Bernie Geoffrion, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1931)
2006 – Slobodan Milošević, Serbian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (b. 1941)
2010 – Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician, Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1931)
2012 – James B. Morehead, American colonel and pilot (b. 1916)
2013 – Martin Adolf Bormann, German priest and theologian (b. 1930)
2013 – Simón Alberto Consalvi, Venezuelan journalist and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs for Venezuela (b. 1927)
2014 – Dean Bailey, Australian footballer and coach (b. 1967)
2014 – Joel Brinkley, American journalist and academic (b. 1952)
2015 – Walter Burkert, German philologist and scholar (b. 1931)
2015 – Jimmy Greenspoon, American singer songwriter and keyboard player (b. 1948)
2016 – Iolanda Balaș, Romanian high jumper (b. 1936)
2016 – Doreen Massey, English geographer and political activist (b. 1944)
2018 – Ken Dodd, English comedian and singer (b. 1927)
2018 – Siegfried Rauch, German actor (b. 1932)
2018 – Karl Lehmann, German cardinal (b. 1936)
2018 – Mary Rosenblum, American science fiction and mystery author (b. 1952)
2021 – Ray Campi, American singer and musician (b. 1934)
2021 – Takis Mousafiris, Greek composer and songwriter (b. 1936)
2022 – Rupiah Banda, President of Zambia (b. 1937)