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Содержание
Введение
Европейская коммерческая космическая транспортная компания
European commercial space transportation company
Arianespace SA — французская компания, основанная в 1980 году как первый в мире поставщик коммерческих услуг по запуску космических аппаратов. По состоянию на 2021 год Arianespace осуществила более 850 запусков спутников в 287 запусках за 41 год. Первым коммерческим запуском, осуществленным новой компанией, стал запуск Spacenet F1, который состоялся 23 мая 1984 года. Arianespace использует Космический центр Гвианы во Французской Гвиане в качестве основной стартовой площадки. Ее штаб-квартира находится в Эври-Куркоурне, департамент Эссон, Франция.
Arianespace SA is a French company founded in 1980 as the world's first commercial launch service provider. as of 2021, Arianespace had launched more than 850 satellites in 287 launches over 41 years. The first commercial flight managed by the new entity was Spacenet F1 launched on 23 May 1984. Arianespace uses the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana as its main launch site. It has its headquarters in Évry Courcouronnes, Essonne, France.
История
Формирование Arianespace SA тесно связано с желанием нескольких европейских стран продолжить совместное сотрудничество в области исследования космоса и создать общеевропейскую организацию – Европейское космическое агентство (ESA) – для надзора за этими усилиями в 1973 году. До создания ESA Франция лоббировала разработку новой европейской ракеты-носителя, способной заменить ракету Europa. Основной целью этого носителя была доставка коммерческих спутников на геосинхронную орбиту. Франция являлась крупнейшим участником программы разработки Ariane. Французский аэрокосмический производитель Aérospatiale выступал в качестве главного подрядчика и отвечал за интеграцию всех секций ракеты, в то время как французский производитель двигателей Société Européenne de Propulsion (SEP) поставлял двигатели первой, второй и третьей ступеней (двигатели третьей ступени производились совместно с немецким аэрокосмическим производителем MBB). Среди других крупных компаний, участвовавших в проекте, были французские фирмы Air Liquide и Matra, шведский производитель Volvo и немецкий производитель самолетов Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Сразу после успешного первого испытательного запуска Ariane 1 24 декабря 1979 года французское космическое агентство Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) и ESA создали новую компанию Arianespace для продвижения, маркетинга и управления операциями Ariane. По данным Arianespace, на момент создания она была первой в мире компанией, предоставляющей услуги по запуску ракет. После трех дополнительных испытательных запусков состоялся первый коммерческий запуск 10 сентября 1982 года, который завершился неудачей из-за отказа турбонасоса на третьей ступени. Шесть последующих запусков Ariane 1 были успешными, последний состоялся в феврале 1986 года. Благодаря этим успехам заказы на ракету-носитель Ariane быстро росли; к началу 1984 года было забронировано в общей сложности 27 спутников для запуска с помощью Ariane, что, по оценкам, составляло половину мирового рынка в то время. В результате коммерческого успеха, после десятой миссии Ariane, ESA официально передала ответственность за Ariane компании Arianespace. Ariane 2 и Ariane 3 были недолговечными платформами, в то время как разрабатывалась более совершенная Ariane 4; она была значительно больше и гибче, чем предыдущие модели, и изначально предназначалась для конкуренции с передовыми ракетами-носителями в мире. Для сравнения, типичный вес Ariane 1 составлял 207 тонн, и она могла выводить на орбиту полезные нагрузки до 1,7 тонны, в то время как более крупная Ariane 4 весила 470 тонн и могла выводить на орбиту полезные нагрузки до 4,2 тонны. При этом Ariane 4 была на 15 процентов меньше, чем Ariane 3. 15 июня 1988 года состоялся первый успешный запуск Ariane 4. Еще до первого полета Ariane 4 в 1988 году началась разработка ее преемника – Ariane 5. В январе 1985 года Ariane 5 была официально принята в качестве программы ESA и начала одиннадцатилетнюю программу разработки и испытаний, завершившуюся первым запуском в 1996 году. Она не обладала высокой степенью унификации, характерной для Ariane 4 и ее предшественников, и была разработана не только для запуска более тяжелых полезных нагрузок – до 5,2 тонн – и со снижением стоимости на 20% по сравнению с Ariane 4, но и с повышенным уровнем безопасности, поскольку Ariane 5 предназначалась для осуществления пилотируемых космических запусков и транспортировки астронавтов с использованием планируемого космического аппарата Hermes. Разработка Ariane 5 не обошлась без споров, поскольку некоторые члены ESA считали, что зрелая платформа Ariane 4 лучше подходит для удовлетворения существующих потребностей в ракетах-носителях; по этой причине Великобритания отказалась от участия в программе Ariane 5. В течение нескольких лет ракеты-носители Ariane 4 и Ariane 5 эксплуатировались взаимозаменяемо; однако в конечном итоге было принято решение прекратить все операции Ariane 4 в пользу более новой Ariane 5. В середине 1990-х годов французские компании Aérospatiale и SEP вместе с итальянской компанией Bombrini Parodi Delfino (BPD) обсуждали разработку предлагаемого дополнительного носителя Ariane (ACL). Одновременно Италия продвигала концепцию новой твердотопливной ракеты-носителя для спутников, известной как Vega. В марте 2003 года ESA и CNES подписали контракты на разработку Vega; Италия предоставила 65 процентов финансирования, а остальные шесть стран внесли оставшуюся часть. В мае 2004 года было объявлено о подписании контракта между коммерческим оператором Arianespace и главным подрядчиком ELV на выполнение интеграции ракеты на космодроме Куру во Французской Гвиане. 13 февраля 2012 года состоялся первый запуск Vega, который был назван "внешне безупречным". С момента начала коммерческой эксплуатации Arianespace позиционирует Vega как ракету-носитель, предназначенную для миссий на полярные и солнечно-синхронные орбиты. В 2002 году ESA объявила о программе Arianespace Soyuz в сотрудничестве с Россией; на космодроме Куру был построен стартовый комплекс для ракеты Soyuz, а сама ракета была модифицирована для использования на этом космодроме. 4 февраля 2005 года были утверждены финансирование и окончательное одобрение этой инициативы. Arianespace предложила своим клиентам услуги по запуску на модифицированной ракете Soyuz ST B. 21 октября 2011 года Arianespace осуществила первый запуск ракеты Soyuz за пределами территории бывшего Советского Союза. Полезной нагрузкой были два навигационных спутника Galileo. С 2011 года Arianespace заказала в общей сложности 23 ракеты Soyuz, что достаточно для удовлетворения ее потребностей до 2019 года при темпе запуска три-четыре ракеты в год. 21 января 2019 года ArianeGroup и Arianespace объявили о подписании однолетнего контракта с ESA на изучение и подготовку к миссии на Луну для добычи реголита. В 2020 году Arianespace приостановила свою деятельность почти на два месяца из-за пандемии COVID-19. Операции были приостановлены 18 марта и, по состоянию на 29 апреля, планируется возобновить их 11 мая. Возвращение к операциям будет осуществляться с соблюдением новых правил охраны здоровья и безопасности, включая социальное дистанцирование на рабочем месте. Основными акционерами Arianespace являются ее поставщики из различных европейских стран. В 2008 году Arianespace имела 24 акционера, в 2014 году – 21, а по состоянию на октябрь 2018 года – всего 17.
The formation of Arianespace SA is closely associated with the desire of several European nations to pursue joint collaboration in the field of space exploration and the formation of a pan national organisation, the European Space Agency (ESA), to oversee such undertaking during 1973. Prior to the ESA's formation, France had been lobbying for the development of a new European expendable launch system to serve as a replacement for the Europa rocket. The express purpose of this launcher was to facilitate the delivery of commercial satellites into geosynchronous orbit. France was the largest stakeholder in the Ariane development programme. French aerospace manufacturer Aérospatiale served as the prime contractor and held responsibility for performing the integration of all sections of the vehicle, while French engine manufacturer Société Européenne de Propulsion (SEP) provided the first, second and third stage engines (the third stage engines were produced in partnership with German aerospace manufacturer MBB). Other major companies involved included the French firms Air Liquide and Matra, Swedish manufacturer Volvo, and German aircraft producer Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Immediately following the successful first test launch of an Ariane 1 on 24 December 1979, the French space agency Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) and the ESA created a new company, Arianespace, for the purpose of promoting, marketing, and managing Ariane operations. According to Arianespace, at the time of its establishment, it was the world's first launch services company. Following a further three test launches, the first commercial launch took place on 10 September 1982, which ended in failure as a result of a turbopump having failed in the third stage. The six remaining flights of the Ariane 1 were successful, with the final flight occurring during February 1986. As a result of these repeated successes, orders for the Ariane launcher quickly mounted up; by early 1984, a total of 27 satellites had been booked to use Ariane, which was estimated to be half of the world's market at that time. As a result of the commercial success, after the tenth Ariane mission was flown, the ESA formally transferred responsibility for Ariane over to Arianespace. The Ariane 2 and Ariane 3 were short lived platforms while the more extensive Ariane 4 was being developed; it was a considerably larger and more flexible launcher that the earlier members of its family, having been intended from the onset to compete with the upper end of launchers worldwide. In comparison, while the Ariane 1 had a typical weight of 207 tonnes and could launch payloads of up to 1.7 tonnes into orbit; the larger Ariane 4 had a typical weight of 470 tonnes and could orbit payloads of up to 4.2 tonnes. Despite this, the Ariane 4 was actually 15 per cent smaller than the Ariane 3. On 15 June 1988, the first successful launch of the Ariane 4 was conducted. Even prior to the first flight of the Ariane 4 in 1988, development of a successor, designated as the Ariane 5, had already commenced. In January 1985, the Ariane 5 was officially adopted as an ESA programme, and began an eleven year development and test program to the first launch in 1996. It lacked the high levels of commonality that the Ariane 4 had with its predecessors, and had been designed not only for launching heavier payloads of up to 5.2 tonnes and at a 20 per cent cost reduction over the Ariane 4, but for a higher margin of safety due to the fact that the Ariane 5 was designed to conduct crewed space launches as well, being intended to transport astronauts using the proposed Hermes space vehicle. Development of the Ariane 5 was not without controversy as some ESA members considered the mature Ariane 4 platform to be more suited for meeting established needs for such launchers; it was reportedly for this reason that Britain chose not to participate in the Ariane 5 programme. For several years, Ariane 4 and Ariane 5 launchers were operated interchangeably; however, it was eventually decided to terminate all Ariane 4 operations in favour of concentrating on the newer Ariane 5. During the mid 1990s, French firms Aérospatiale and SEP, along with Italian firm Bombrini Parodi Delfino (BPD), held discussions on the development of a proposed Ariane Complementary Launcher (ACL). Simultaneously, Italy championed the concept of a new solid propellant satellite launcher, referred to as Vega. During March 2003, contracts for Vega's development were signed by the ESA and CNES; Italy provided 65 per cent of funding while six additional nations contributed the remainder. In May 2004, it was reported that a contract was signed between commercial operator Arianespace and prime contractor ELV to perform vehicle integration at Kourou, French Guiana. On 13 February 2012, the first launch of the Vega took place; it was reported as being an "apparently perfect flight". Since entering commercial service, Arianespace markets Vega as a launch system tailored for missions to polar and Sun synchronous orbits. During 2002, the ESA announced the Arianespace Soyuz programme in cooperation with Russia; a launch site for Soyuz was constructed as the Guiana Space Centre, while the Soyuz launch vehicle was modified for use at the site. On 4 February 2005, both funding and final approval for the initiative were granted. Arianespace had offered launch services on the modified Soyuz ST B to its clients. On 21 October 2011, Arianespace launched the first Soyuz rocket ever from outside former Soviet territory. The payload consisted of two Galileo navigation satellites. Since 2011, Arianespace has ordered a total of 23 Soyuz rockets, enough to cover its needs until 2019 at a pace of three to four launches per year. On 21 January 2019, ArianeGroup and Arianespace announced that it had signed a one year contract with the ESA to study and prepare for a mission to the Moon to mine regolith. In 2020, Arianespace suspended operations for nearly two months due to the COVID 19 pandemic. Operations were suspended on 18 March and are, as of 29 April, expected to resume on 11 May. The return to operations will observe a number of new health and safety guidelines including social distancing in the workplace. The primary shareholders of Arianespace are its suppliers, in various European nations. Arianespace had 24 shareholders in 2008, 21 in 2014, and just 17 as of October 2018. CountryTotal shareShareholderCapital 3.36% SABCA 2.71% Thales Alenia Space Belgium 0.33% Safran Aero Boosters [fr] 0.32% 64.10% ArianeGroup 62.10% Air Liquide SA 1.89% Clemessy [fr] 0.11% CIE Deutsche <0.01% 19.85% ArianeGroup 11.59% MT Aerospace [de] AG 8.26% 3.38% Avio S. p. A. 3.38% 1.94% Airbus Defence and Space B. V. 1.94% 0.11% Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace AS 0.11% 2.14% Airbus Defence and Space SAU 2.03% CRISA 0.11% 2.45% GKN Aerospace Sweden AB 1.63% RUAG Space AB 0.82% 2.67% RUAG Schweiz AG 2.67%
In 2015, Arianespace shareholding was restructured due to the creation of Airbus Safran Launchers (later renamed ArianeGroup), which is tasked with developing and manufacturing the Ariane 6 carrier rocket. Industrial groups Airbus and Safran pooled their shares along with the French government's CNES stake to form a partnership company holding just under 74% of Arianespace shares, while the remaining 26% is spread across suppliers in nine countries including further Airbus subsidiaries.
Страна | Общая доля | Акционер | Капитал
------- | -------- | -------- | --------
3.36% | SABCA | |
2.71% | Thales Alenia Space Belgium | |
0.33% | Safran Aero Boosters [fr] | |
0.32% | | |
64.10% | ArianeGroup | |
62.10% | Air Liquide SA | |
1.89% | Clemessy [fr] | |
0.11% | CIE Deutsche | <0.01% |
19.85% | ArianeGroup | |
11.59% | MT Aerospace [de] AG | |
8.26% | | |
3.38% | Avio S. p. A. | 3.38% |
1.94% | Airbus Defence and Space B. V. | 1.94% |
0.11% | Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace AS | 0.11% |
2.14% | Airbus Defence and Space SAU | 2.03% |
0.11% | CRISA | |
2.45% | GKN Aerospace Sweden AB | 1.63% |
0.82% | RUAG Space AB | |
2.67% | RUAG Schweiz AG | 2.67% |
The formation of Arianespace SA is closely associated with the desire of several European nations to pursue joint collaboration in the field of space exploration and the formation of a pan national organisation, the European Space Agency (ESA), to oversee such undertaking during 1973. Prior to the ESA's formation, France had been lobbying for the development of a new European expendable launch system to serve as a replacement for the Europa rocket. The express purpose of this launcher was to facilitate the delivery of commercial satellites into geosynchronous orbit. France was the largest stakeholder in the Ariane development programme. French aerospace manufacturer Aérospatiale served as the prime contractor and held responsibility for performing the integration of all sections of the vehicle, while French engine manufacturer Société Européenne de Propulsion (SEP) provided the first, second and third stage engines (the third stage engines were produced in partnership with German aerospace manufacturer MBB). Other major companies involved included the French firms Air Liquide and Matra, Swedish manufacturer Volvo, and German aircraft producer Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Immediately following the successful first test launch of an Ariane 1 on 24 December 1979, the French space agency Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) and the ESA created a new company, Arianespace, for the purpose of promoting, marketing, and managing Ariane operations. According to Arianespace, at the time of its establishment, it was the world's first launch services company. Following a further three test launches, the first commercial launch took place on 10 September 1982, which ended in failure as a result of a turbopump having failed in the third stage. The six remaining flights of the Ariane 1 were successful, with the final flight occurring during February 1986. As a result of these repeated successes, orders for the Ariane launcher quickly mounted up; by early 1984, a total of 27 satellites had been booked to use Ariane, which was estimated to be half of the world's market at that time. As a result of the commercial success, after the tenth Ariane mission was flown, the ESA formally transferred responsibility for Ariane over to Arianespace. The Ariane 2 and Ariane 3 were short lived platforms while the more extensive Ariane 4 was being developed; it was a considerably larger and more flexible launcher that the earlier members of its family, having been intended from the onset to compete with the upper end of launchers worldwide. In comparison, while the Ariane 1 had a typical weight of 207 tonnes and could launch payloads of up to 1.7 tonnes into orbit; the larger Ariane 4 had a typical weight of 470 tonnes and could orbit payloads of up to 4.2 tonnes. Despite this, the Ariane 4 was actually 15 per cent smaller than the Ariane 3. On 15 June 1988, the first successful launch of the Ariane 4 was conducted. Even prior to the first flight of the Ariane 4 in 1988, development of a successor, designated as the Ariane 5, had already commenced. In January 1985, the Ariane 5 was officially adopted as an ESA programme, and began an eleven year development and test program to the first launch in 1996. It lacked the high levels of commonality that the Ariane 4 had with its predecessors, and had been designed not only for launching heavier payloads of up to 5.2 tonnes and at a 20 per cent cost reduction over the Ariane 4, but for a higher margin of safety due to the fact that the Ariane 5 was designed to conduct crewed space launches as well, being intended to transport astronauts using the proposed Hermes space vehicle. Development of the Ariane 5 was not without controversy as some ESA members considered the mature Ariane 4 platform to be more suited for meeting established needs for such launchers; it was reportedly for this reason that Britain chose not to participate in the Ariane 5 programme. For several years, Ariane 4 and Ariane 5 launchers were operated interchangeably; however, it was eventually decided to terminate all Ariane 4 operations in favour of concentrating on the newer Ariane 5. During the mid 1990s, French firms Aérospatiale and SEP, along with Italian firm Bombrini Parodi Delfino (BPD), held discussions on the development of a proposed Ariane Complementary Launcher (ACL). Simultaneously, Italy championed the concept of a new solid propellant satellite launcher, referred to as Vega. During March 2003, contracts for Vega's development were signed by the ESA and CNES; Italy provided 65 per cent of funding while six additional nations contributed the remainder. In May 2004, it was reported that a contract was signed between commercial operator Arianespace and prime contractor ELV to perform vehicle integration at Kourou, French Guiana. On 13 February 2012, the first launch of the Vega took place; it was reported as being an "apparently perfect flight". Since entering commercial service, Arianespace markets Vega as a launch system tailored for missions to polar and Sun synchronous orbits. During 2002, the ESA announced the Arianespace Soyuz programme in cooperation with Russia; a launch site for Soyuz was constructed as the Guiana Space Centre, while the Soyuz launch vehicle was modified for use at the site. On 4 February 2005, both funding and final approval for the initiative were granted. Arianespace had offered launch services on the modified Soyuz ST B to its clients. On 21 October 2011, Arianespace launched the first Soyuz rocket ever from outside former Soviet territory. The payload consisted of two Galileo navigation satellites. Since 2011, Arianespace has ordered a total of 23 Soyuz rockets, enough to cover its needs until 2019 at a pace of three to four launches per year. On 21 January 2019, ArianeGroup and Arianespace announced that it had signed a one year contract with the ESA to study and prepare for a mission to the Moon to mine regolith. In 2020, Arianespace suspended operations for nearly two months due to the COVID 19 pandemic. Operations were suspended on 18 March and are, as of 29 April, expected to resume on 11 May. The return to operations will observe a number of new health and safety guidelines including social distancing in the workplace. The primary shareholders of Arianespace are its suppliers, in various European nations. Arianespace had 24 shareholders in 2008, 21 in 2014, and just 17 as of October 2018. CountryTotal shareShareholderCapital 3.36% SABCA 2.71% Thales Alenia Space Belgium 0.33% Safran Aero Boosters [fr] 0.32% 64.10% ArianeGroup 62.10% Air Liquide SA 1.89% Clemessy [fr] 0.11% CIE Deutsche <0.01% 19.85% ArianeGroup 11.59% MT Aerospace [de] AG 8.26% 3.38% Avio S. p. A. 3.38% 1.94% Airbus Defence and Space B. V. 1.94% 0.11% Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace AS 0.11% 2.14% Airbus Defence and Space SAU 2.03% CRISA 0.11% 2.45% GKN Aerospace Sweden AB 1.63% RUAG Space AB 0.82% 2.67% RUAG Schweiz AG 2.67%
In 2015, Arianespace shareholding was restructured due to the creation of Airbus Safran Launchers (later renamed ArianeGroup), which is tasked with developing and manufacturing the Ariane 6 carrier rocket. Industrial groups Airbus and Safran pooled their shares along with the French government's CNES stake to form a partnership company holding just under 74% of Arianespace shares, while the remaining 26% is spread across suppliers in nine countries including further Airbus subsidiaries.
В 2015 году акционерная структура Arianespace была реструктурирована в связи с созданием Airbus Safran Launchers (позже переименованной в ArianeGroup), которая отвечает за разработку и производство ракеты-носителя Ariane 6. Промышленные группы Airbus и Safran объединили свои акции вместе с долей CNES, принадлежащей французскому правительству, чтобы сформировать партнерскую компанию, владеющую чуть менее чем 74% акций Arianespace, а остальные 26% распределены между поставщиками в девяти странах, включая другие дочерние компании Airbus.
The formation of Arianespace SA is closely associated with the desire of several European nations to pursue joint collaboration in the field of space exploration and the formation of a pan national organisation, the European Space Agency (ESA), to oversee such undertaking during 1973. Prior to the ESA's formation, France had been lobbying for the development of a new European expendable launch system to serve as a replacement for the Europa rocket. The express purpose of this launcher was to facilitate the delivery of commercial satellites into geosynchronous orbit. France was the largest stakeholder in the Ariane development programme. French aerospace manufacturer Aérospatiale served as the prime contractor and held responsibility for performing the integration of all sections of the vehicle, while French engine manufacturer Société Européenne de Propulsion (SEP) provided the first, second and third stage engines (the third stage engines were produced in partnership with German aerospace manufacturer MBB). Other major companies involved included the French firms Air Liquide and Matra, Swedish manufacturer Volvo, and German aircraft producer Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Immediately following the successful first test launch of an Ariane 1 on 24 December 1979, the French space agency Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES) and the ESA created a new company, Arianespace, for the purpose of promoting, marketing, and managing Ariane operations. According to Arianespace, at the time of its establishment, it was the world's first launch services company. Following a further three test launches, the first commercial launch took place on 10 September 1982, which ended in failure as a result of a turbopump having failed in the third stage. The six remaining flights of the Ariane 1 were successful, with the final flight occurring during February 1986. As a result of these repeated successes, orders for the Ariane launcher quickly mounted up; by early 1984, a total of 27 satellites had been booked to use Ariane, which was estimated to be half of the world's market at that time. As a result of the commercial success, after the tenth Ariane mission was flown, the ESA formally transferred responsibility for Ariane over to Arianespace. The Ariane 2 and Ariane 3 were short lived platforms while the more extensive Ariane 4 was being developed; it was a considerably larger and more flexible launcher that the earlier members of its family, having been intended from the onset to compete with the upper end of launchers worldwide. In comparison, while the Ariane 1 had a typical weight of 207 tonnes and could launch payloads of up to 1.7 tonnes into orbit; the larger Ariane 4 had a typical weight of 470 tonnes and could orbit payloads of up to 4.2 tonnes. Despite this, the Ariane 4 was actually 15 per cent smaller than the Ariane 3. On 15 June 1988, the first successful launch of the Ariane 4 was conducted. Even prior to the first flight of the Ariane 4 in 1988, development of a successor, designated as the Ariane 5, had already commenced. In January 1985, the Ariane 5 was officially adopted as an ESA programme, and began an eleven year development and test program to the first launch in 1996. It lacked the high levels of commonality that the Ariane 4 had with its predecessors, and had been designed not only for launching heavier payloads of up to 5.2 tonnes and at a 20 per cent cost reduction over the Ariane 4, but for a higher margin of safety due to the fact that the Ariane 5 was designed to conduct crewed space launches as well, being intended to transport astronauts using the proposed Hermes space vehicle. Development of the Ariane 5 was not without controversy as some ESA members considered the mature Ariane 4 platform to be more suited for meeting established needs for such launchers; it was reportedly for this reason that Britain chose not to participate in the Ariane 5 programme. For several years, Ariane 4 and Ariane 5 launchers were operated interchangeably; however, it was eventually decided to terminate all Ariane 4 operations in favour of concentrating on the newer Ariane 5. During the mid 1990s, French firms Aérospatiale and SEP, along with Italian firm Bombrini Parodi Delfino (BPD), held discussions on the development of a proposed Ariane Complementary Launcher (ACL). Simultaneously, Italy championed the concept of a new solid propellant satellite launcher, referred to as Vega. During March 2003, contracts for Vega's development were signed by the ESA and CNES; Italy provided 65 per cent of funding while six additional nations contributed the remainder. In May 2004, it was reported that a contract was signed between commercial operator Arianespace and prime contractor ELV to perform vehicle integration at Kourou, French Guiana. On 13 February 2012, the first launch of the Vega took place; it was reported as being an "apparently perfect flight". Since entering commercial service, Arianespace markets Vega as a launch system tailored for missions to polar and Sun synchronous orbits. During 2002, the ESA announced the Arianespace Soyuz programme in cooperation with Russia; a launch site for Soyuz was constructed as the Guiana Space Centre, while the Soyuz launch vehicle was modified for use at the site. On 4 February 2005, both funding and final approval for the initiative were granted. Arianespace had offered launch services on the modified Soyuz ST B to its clients. On 21 October 2011, Arianespace launched the first Soyuz rocket ever from outside former Soviet territory. The payload consisted of two Galileo navigation satellites. Since 2011, Arianespace has ordered a total of 23 Soyuz rockets, enough to cover its needs until 2019 at a pace of three to four launches per year. On 21 January 2019, ArianeGroup and Arianespace announced that it had signed a one year contract with the ESA to study and prepare for a mission to the Moon to mine regolith. In 2020, Arianespace suspended operations for nearly two months due to the COVID 19 pandemic. Operations were suspended on 18 March and are, as of 29 April, expected to resume on 11 May. The return to operations will observe a number of new health and safety guidelines including social distancing in the workplace. The primary shareholders of Arianespace are its suppliers, in various European nations. Arianespace had 24 shareholders in 2008, 21 in 2014, and just 17 as of October 2018. CountryTotal shareShareholderCapital 3.36% SABCA 2.71% Thales Alenia Space Belgium 0.33% Safran Aero Boosters [fr] 0.32% 64.10% ArianeGroup 62.10% Air Liquide SA 1.89% Clemessy [fr] 0.11% CIE Deutsche <0.01% 19.85% ArianeGroup 11.59% MT Aerospace [de] AG 8.26% 3.38% Avio S. p. A. 3.38% 1.94% Airbus Defence and Space B. V. 1.94% 0.11% Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace AS 0.11% 2.14% Airbus Defence and Space SAU 2.03% CRISA 0.11% 2.45% GKN Aerospace Sweden AB 1.63% RUAG Space AB 0.82% 2.67% RUAG Schweiz AG 2.67%
In 2015, Arianespace shareholding was restructured due to the creation of Airbus Safran Launchers (later renamed ArianeGroup), which is tasked with developing and manufacturing the Ariane 6 carrier rocket. Industrial groups Airbus and Safran pooled their shares along with the French government's CNES stake to form a partnership company holding just under 74% of Arianespace shares, while the remaining 26% is spread across suppliers in nine countries including further Airbus subsidiaries.
Региональные офисы
Местоположение Руководитель филиала Французская Гвиана Бруно Жерар США, Вашингтон, округ Колумбия Винер Кернисан Япония, Токио Киёши Такамацу АСЕАН, Сингапур Вивиан Квенет
Location Head of branch French Guiana Bruno Gérard USA, Washington D. C. Wiener Kernisan Japan, Tokyo Kiyoshi Takamatsu ASEAN, Singapore Vivian Quenet
Дочерние компании
Arianespace inc. (дочерняя компания в США)
Arianespace Singapore PTE LTD. (азиатское дочернее предприятие)
Starsem S. A. (коммерциализация российских ракет "Союз" в Европе)
Arianespace inc. (U. S. Subsidiary)
Arianespace Singapore PTE LTD. (Asian Subsidiary)
Starsem S. A. (European Russian Soyuz commercialization)
Конкуренция и ценообразование
К 2004 году Arianespace, как сообщается, занимала более 50% мирового рынка по выводу спутников на геостационарную переходную орбиту (GTO). В течение 2010-х годов появление SpaceX, как нового игрока в отрасли, оказало разрушительное воздействие, вынудив Arianespace сократить штат и сосредоточиться на снижении издержек, чтобы оставаться конкурентоспособной перед лицом нового, более дешевого участника в секторе запусков. В условиях ценового давления со стороны таких компаний, в ноябре 2013 года Arianespace объявила о введении гибкой ценовой политики для "более легких спутников", которые она выводит на геостационарные орбиты на борту Ariane 5. По словам управляющего директора Arianespace: "Очевидно, что со стороны SpaceX исходит серьезная угроза, поэтому необходимо меняться, и вся европейская индустрия подвергается реструктуризации, консолидации, рационализации и оптимизации". В начале 2014 года Arianespace рассматривала возможность обращения к европейским правительствам с просьбой о дополнительных субсидиях для противодействия конкуренции со стороны SpaceX и неблагоприятным изменениям в обменном курсе евро к доллару. Компания сократила объем субсидий на 100 миллионов евро в год с 2002 года, но падение курса доллара США привело к тому, что Arianespace теряла 60 миллионов евро в год из-за колебаний валютных курсов по контрактам на запуск. Сообщалось, что SpaceX начала отвоевывать долю рынка у Arianespace, однако с 2017 года доля Arianespace в коммерческих запусках была превзойдена SpaceX.
By 2004, Arianespace reportedly held more than 50% of the world market for boosting satellites to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). During the 2010s, the disruptive force represented by the new sector entrant SpaceX forced Arianespace to cut back on its workforce and focus on cost cutting to decrease costs to remain competitive against the new low cost entrant in the launch sector. In the midst of pricing pressure from such companies, during November 2013, Arianespace announced that it was enacting pricing flexibility for the "lighter satellites" that it carries to Geostationary orbits aboard its Ariane 5. According to Arianespace's managing director: "It's quite clear there's a very significant challenge coming from SpaceX ( ) therefore things have to change ( ) and the whole European industry is being restructured, consolidated, rationalised and streamlined." During early 2014, Arianespace was considering requesting additional subsidies from European governments to face competition from SpaceX and unfavorable changes in the Euro Dollar exchange rate. The company had halved subsidy support by €100m per year since 2002 but the fall in the value of the US Dollar meant Arianespace was losing €60m per year due to currency fluctuations on launch contracts. SpaceX had reportedly begun to take market share from Arianespace, However, since 2017, Arianespace's market share has been passed by SpaceX in commercial launches.