Введение
Румынский клеточный биолог, физик и лауреат Нобелевской премии Джордж Эмиль Паладе (; 19 ноября 1912 – 7 октября 2008) был румынским американским клеточным биологом. Его описывали как "самого влиятельного клеточного биолога в истории", и в 1974 году он был удостоен Нобелевской премии по физиологии и медицине совместно с Альбертом Клодом и Кристианом де Дюве. Премия была присуждена за его новаторские работы в области электронной микроскопии и фракционирования клеток, которые вместе заложили основы современной молекулярной клеточной биологии.
George Emil Palade (; November 19, 1912 – October 7, 2008) was a Romanian American cell biologist. Described as "the most influential cell biologist ever", in 1974 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine along with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve. The prize was granted for his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology,
Palade also received the U. S. National Medal of Science in Biological Sciences for "pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells" in 1986, and was previously elected a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1961. In 1968 he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society (HonFRMS) and in 1984 he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS). He later joined Claude at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. In 1952, Palade became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He worked at the Rockefeller Institute (1958–1973), and was a professor at Yale University Medical School (1973–1990), and University of California, San Diego (1990–2008). At UCSD, Palade was Professor of Medicine in Residence (Emeritus) in the Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, as well as a Dean for Scientific Affairs (Emeritus), in the School of Medicine at La Jolla, California. In 1970, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Renato Dulbecco winner of 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discoveries concerning the functional organization of the cell that were seminal events in the development of modern cell biology", related to his previous research carried out at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. His Nobel lecture, delivered on December 12, 1974, was entitled: "Intracellular Aspects of the Process of Protein Secretion", published in 1992 by the Nobel Prize Foundation, He was elected an Honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 1975. He received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1975. In 1981, Palade became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. In 1985, he became the founding editor of the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. In 1988 he was also elected an Honorary Member of the American Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences (ARA). Palade was the first Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale University. Presently, the Chair of Cell Biology at Yale is named the "George Palade Professorship". At the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Palade used electron microscopy to study the internal organization of such cell structures as ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus, and others. His most important discovery was made while using an experimental strategy known as a pulse chase analysis. In the experiment Palade and his colleagues were able to confirm an existing hypothesis that a secretory pathway exists and that the Rough ER and the Golgi apparatus function together.
Паладе также получил Национальную научную медаль США в области биологических наук за "пионерские открытия множества фундаментальных, высокоорганизованных структур в живых клетках" в 1986 году и ранее, в 1961 году, был избран членом Национальной академии наук США. В 1968 году он был избран почетным членом Королевского микроскопического общества (HonFRMS), а в 1984 году – иностранным членом Королевского общества (ForMemRS). Позже он присоединился к Клоду в Рокфеллеровском институте медицинских исследований. В 1952 году Паладе стал натурализованным гражданином Соединенных Штатов. Он работал в Институте Рокфеллера (1958–1973), был профессором в Медицинской школе Йельского университета (1973–1990) и Калифорнийском университете в Сан-Диего (1990–2008). В UCSD Паладе занимал должность профессора медицины в резиденции (эмеритус) в Департаменте клеточной и молекулярной медицины, а также декана по научным вопросам (эмеритус) в Медицинской школе в Ла-Хойе, Калифорния. В 1970 году он был удостоен премии Луизы Гросс Хорвиц Колумбийского университета совместно с Ренато Дулбеко, лауреатом Нобелевской премии по физиологии и медицине 1975 года, "за открытия, касающиеся функциональной организации клетки, которые стали ключевыми событиями в развитии современной клеточной биологии", связанные с его предыдущими исследованиями, проведенными в Институте медицинских исследований Рокфеллера. Его Нобелевская лекция, прочитанная 12 декабря 1974 года, называлась "Внутриклеточные аспекты процесса секреции белка" и была опубликована в 1992 году Фондом Нобелевской премии. В 1975 году он был избран почетным членом Румынской академии. В 1975 году он получил награду "Золотая пластина" Американской академии достижений. В 1981 году Паладе стал одним из основателей Всемирного культурного совета. В 1985 году он стал главным редактором "Ежегодного обзора клеточной и биологии развития". В 1988 году он также был избран почетным членом Американской румынской академии искусств и наук (ARA). Паладе был первым председателем кафедры клеточной биологии в Йельском университете. В настоящее время кафедра клеточной биологии в Йельском университете носит имя "Профессура имени Джорджа Палада". В Рокфеллеровском институте медицинских исследований Паладе использовал электронную микроскопию для изучения внутренней организации таких клеточных структур, как рибосомы, митохондрии, хлоропласты, аппарат Гольджи и другие. Его самое важное открытие было сделано при использовании экспериментальной стратегии, известной как анализ "импульс-преследование". В ходе эксперимента Паладе и его коллеги смогли подтвердить существовавшую гипотезу о том, что существует секреторный путь и что шероховатый эндоплазматический ретикулум (Rough ER) и аппарат Гольджи функционируют совместно.
George Emil Palade (; November 19, 1912 – October 7, 2008) was a Romanian American cell biologist. Described as "the most influential cell biologist ever", in 1974 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine along with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve. The prize was granted for his innovations in electron microscopy and cell fractionation which together laid the foundations of modern molecular cell biology,
Palade also received the U. S. National Medal of Science in Biological Sciences for "pioneering discoveries of a host of fundamental, highly organized structures in living cells" in 1986, and was previously elected a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1961. In 1968 he was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society (HonFRMS) and in 1984 he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS). He later joined Claude at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. In 1952, Palade became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He worked at the Rockefeller Institute (1958–1973), and was a professor at Yale University Medical School (1973–1990), and University of California, San Diego (1990–2008). At UCSD, Palade was Professor of Medicine in Residence (Emeritus) in the Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, as well as a Dean for Scientific Affairs (Emeritus), in the School of Medicine at La Jolla, California. In 1970, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Renato Dulbecco winner of 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for discoveries concerning the functional organization of the cell that were seminal events in the development of modern cell biology", related to his previous research carried out at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. His Nobel lecture, delivered on December 12, 1974, was entitled: "Intracellular Aspects of the Process of Protein Secretion", published in 1992 by the Nobel Prize Foundation, He was elected an Honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 1975. He received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1975. In 1981, Palade became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. In 1985, he became the founding editor of the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. In 1988 he was also elected an Honorary Member of the American Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences (ARA). Palade was the first Chairman of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale University. Presently, the Chair of Cell Biology at Yale is named the "George Palade Professorship". At the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Palade used electron microscopy to study the internal organization of such cell structures as ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus, and others. His most important discovery was made while using an experimental strategy known as a pulse chase analysis. In the experiment Palade and his colleagues were able to confirm an existing hypothesis that a secretory pathway exists and that the Rough ER and the Golgi apparatus function together.
Личная жизнь
Вдова Паладе, Мэрилин Фаркухар, была клеточным биологом в Калифорнийском университете Сан-Диего.