Команды MS-DOS: Справочник и описание

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This article presents a list of commands used by MS DOS compatible operating systems, especially as used on IBM PC compatibles. Many unrelated disk operating systems use the DOS acronym and are not part of the scope of this list. In MS DOS, many standard system commands are provided for common tasks such as listing files on a disk or moving files. Some commands are built into the command interpreter; others exist as external commands on disk. Over multiple generations, commands were added for additional functions. In Microsoft Windows, a command prompt window that uses many of the same commands, cmd. exe, can still be used.

The command interpreter for DOS runs when no application programs are running. When an application exits, if the transient portion of the command interpreter in memory was overwritten, DOS will reload it from disk. Some commands are internal—built into COMMAND. COM; others are external commands stored on disk. When the user types a line of text at the operating system command prompt, COMMAND. COM will parse the line and attempt to match a command name to a built in command or to the name of an executable program file or batch file on disk. If no match is found, an error message is printed, and the command prompt is refreshed. External commands were too large to keep in the command processor, or were less frequently used. Such utility programs would be stored on disk and loaded just like regular application programs but were distributed with the operating system. Copies of these utility command programs had to be on an accessible disk, either on the current drive or on the command path set in the command interpreter. In the list below, commands that can accept more than one file name, or a filename including wildcards (* and ? ), are said to accept a filespec (file specification) parameter. Commands that can accept only a single file name are said to accept a filename parameter. Additionally, command line switches, or other parameter strings, can be supplied on the command line. Spaces and symbols such as a "/" or a " " may be used to allow the command processor to parse the command line into filenames, file specifications, and other options. The command interpreter preserves the case of whatever parameters are passed to commands, but the command names themselves and file names are case insensitive. Many commands are the same across many DOS systems, but some differ in command syntax or name.

A partial list of the most common commands for MS DOS and IBM PC DOS follows below.

Sets the path to be searched for data files or displays the current search path. The APPEND command is similar to the PATH command that tells DOS where to search for program files (files with a COM, EXE, or BAT file name extension). The command is available in MS DOS versions 3.2 and later.

The command redirects requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive. It can also display drive assignments or reset all drive letters to their original assignments. The command is available in MS DOS versions 3 through 5 and IBM PC DOS releases 2 through 5. Novell DOS 7 and PC DOS 7.0. Earlier versions of DR DOS supported this function with the built in switch command (for numeric choices) or by beginning a command with a question mark. The command is available in MS DOS versions 2 and later.)

A disk compression utility supplied with MS DOS version 6.0 (released in 1993) and version 6.2.

A disk compression utility supplied with MS DOS version 6.22. AccessDOS assists persons with disabilities.

Provides information for MS DOS commands.

A command that provides accelerated access to frequently used files and directories. The command is available in MS DOS versions 3.3 and later. The command is available in MS DOS versions 3 through 5. The opposite can be achieved via the SUBST command. The command is available in MS DOS versions 3 through 5. It is available separately for versions 6.2 and later on the Supplemental Disk.

Loads a program above the first 64K of memory, and runs the program. The command is available in MS DOS versions 5 and later.

A command that loads a program into the upper memory area. The command is available in MS DOS versions 5 and later. MEMMAKER. EXE and SIZER. EXE were developed for Microsoft by Helix Software Company and were eliminated starting in MS DOS 7 (Windows 95); however, they could be obtained from Microsoft's FTP server as part of the OLDDOS. EXE package, alongside other tools. PC DOS uses another program called RamBoost to optimize memory, working either with PC DOS's HIMEM/EMM386 or a third party memory manager. RamBoost was licensed to IBM by Central Point Software.

The MIRROR command saves disk storage information that can be used to recover accidentally erased files. The command is available in MS DOS version 5. It is available separately for versions 6.2 and later on Supplemental Disk. The command is available in MS DOS versions 3.2 and later and IBM PC DOS releases 1 and later. The command is available in MS DOS versions 6 and later. There is another offering, named MWBACKUP, that is GUI oriented. It was introduced for Windows for Workgroups (3.11). The MSBACKUP command is available in MS DOS versions 6 and later. the PC DOS version of this command is QCONFIG. The command appeared first in Word2, and then in Windows 3.10.

The MSHERC. COM (also QBHERC. COM) was a TSR graphics driver supplied with Microsoft QuickC, QuickBASIC, and the C Compiler, to allow use of the Hercules adapter high resolution graphics capability (720 x 348, 2 colors).

Loads extended Nationalization and Localization Support from COUNTRY. SYS, and changed the codepage of drivers and system modules resident in RAM. In later versions of DR DOS 6, NLSFUNC relocated itself into the HiMem area, thereby freeing a portion of the nearly invaluable lower 640KiB that constituted the ”conventional” memory available to software. The command is available in MS DOS versions 3.3 and later. It is not included in many DOS versions; typically ones with network stacks will have it as a diagnostic tool.

The POWER command is used to turn power management on and off, report the status of power management, and set levels of power conservation. It is an external command implemented as POWER. EXE. The command is available in MS DOS versions 6 and later. The command is available in MS DOS versions 1 and later.

The command is available in MS DOS versions 5 and later. The command is available in MS DOS versions 2 and later.

Display the system time and waits for the user to enter a new time. Complements the DATE command. The command is available in MS DOS versions 1 and later. The command is available in MS DOS versions 2 and later.

An internal command that displays the disk volume label and serial number. The command is available in MS DOS versions 2 and later.

A TSR program that continuously monitors the computer for viruses. The command is available in MS DOS versions 6 and later.

Copy entire directory trees. Xcopy is a version of the copy command that can move files and directories from one location to another. XCOPY usage and attributes can be obtained by typing in the DOS Command line. The command is available in MS DOS versions 3.2 and later.