Дэвид Бурнет: Политик и государственный деятель Техаса

Texian politician

David Gouverneur Burnet (April 14, 1788 – December 5, 1870) was an early politician within the Republic of Texas, serving as the interim president of Texas in 1836, the second vice president of the Republic of Texas (1839–1841), and the secretary of State (1846) for the new state of Texas after it was annexed to the United States. Burnet was born in Newark, New Jersey, and attended law school in Cincinnati, Ohio. As a young man, he lived with a Comanche tribe for a year before he returned to Ohio. In 1806 Burnet volunteered to serve the unsuccessful filibustering expeditions led by General Francisco de Miranda for the independence of Venezuela from Spain. He fought in Chile in 1807 and in Venezuela in 1808. After Miranda broke with Simon Bolivar, Burnet returned to the United States in 1812. In 1826, he moved to Stephen F. Austin's colony in Mexican Texas. He received a land grant as an empresario but was forced to sell the land after he had failed to attract enough settlers to his colony, and he later lost his right to operate a sawmill after he refused to convert to Roman Catholicism. On hearing of William B. Travis's plea for help at the Alamo, Burnet traveled to Washington on the Brazos to recruit help from the Convention of 1836. He remained at the convention and was elected interim president on March 17, 1836. On his orders, the government fled Washington on the Brazos for Harrisburg, thus inspiring the Runaway Scrape. Burnet narrowly avoided capture by Mexican troops the following month. After Sam Houston's victory at the Battle of San Jacinto, Burnet took custody of Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna and negotiated the Treaties of Velasco. Many Texans were infuriated that the treaty allowed Santa Anna to escape execution, and some called for Burnet's arrest for treason. Burnet declined to run for president and resigned as interim president on October 22, 1836. He served as vice president under Mirabeau B. Lamar and participated in the Battle of Neches. He was defeated in the next presidential election by Houston. When Texas was annexed by the United States, Burnet served as the state's first Secretary of State. The first Reconstruction state legislature appointed him to the United States Senate, but he was unable to take his seat because of the Ironclad oath. Burnet County, Texas, is named for him.

Burnet was born to Dr. William Burnet and his second wife, Gertrude Gouverneur Rutgers, widow of Anthony Rutgers (a brother of Henry Rutgers who founded Rutgers University). His father had served in the Continental Congress. David Burnet was orphaned as a child. In 1805, Burnet became a clerk for a New York counting house, Robinson and Hartshorne. When the firm suffered financial difficulty, Burnet gave his entire personal inheritance, $1,300, to try to save the company. The firm went bankrupt, and Burnet lost all of the money. Upon his return Burnet moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to study law. He lived with his two older brothers, Jacob, who later became a U. S. Senator, and Isaac, who later served as mayor of Cincinnati. Later that year, Burnet traveled alone into Texas. A Comanche tribe came to his aid when he fell off of his horse by the Colorado River, and he lived with them for two years until he made a full recovery. Near the end of the year, he met Ben Milam, who had come to the village to trade with the tribe. Burnet returned to Ohio to recruit settlers, but was unable to entice the required number of families. In 1828, he sold his land grant to the Galveston Bay and Texas Land Company for $12,000. Burnet remained in the United States for several years, and on December 8, 1830, married Hannah Estey of Morristown, New Jersey. At the time of their wedding he was 43 and she was 30 years old. Stephen F. Austin carried the petition to Mexico City and was promptly jailed.

One of Burnet's first acts as president was to transfer the capital of the new state from Washington on the Brazos to Harrisburg, which was located nearer to the small Texas Navy at Galveston Island. Harrisburg was also closer to the US border and would allow easier communication with US officials. The move took on a sense of urgency when the convention received word that Santa Anna was within 60 mile (97 km) of Washington on the Brazos. Burnet quickly adjourned the proceedings and the government fled, inspiring a massive fight known as the Runaway Scrape. Burnet was infuriated by Houston's criticism and accused Houston of staging his own retreat because he was afraid to fight. Within several days, Burnet had stationed a spy, Major James H. Perry, on Houston's staff. In an effort to discredit Houston, Perry initiated a groundless rumor that Houston had begun taking opium. In the hopes of gaining assistance from the US, Burnet sent Carson, now his secretary of state, to Louisiana to approach General Edmund P. Gaines, who had been given orders by US President Andrew Jackson not to cross the Sabine River into Texas. Out of safety concerns, the government was moved again on April 13, now to Galveston.

Burnet did not hear of Houston's victory at San Jacinto and subsequent capture of Santa Anna until several days after the fact. He hurried to the battlefield, where he complained often about Houston's use of profanity. Houston's staff "complained that the president grumbled ungraciously, was hard to please, and spent all of his time giving orders and collecting souvenirs." The two men also argued over the distribution of $18,000 in specie that had been found in Santa Anna's treasure chest. Burnet insisted that the money should go to the Texas treasury, but Houston had already given $3,000 to the Texas Navy and distributed the rest among his men. Mexico later repudiated the treaty. The people of Texas were incensed at the terms of the treaty. The public, along with the Secretary of War and Secretary of the Navy, wanted to see Santa Anna executed for his actions. Most of Burnet's time was spent writing proclamations, orders, and letters appealing for funds and volunteers. With no money and little respect for Burnet, it was not surprising that "no one followed orders, and the government struggled to direct the state effectively." During the transition of power, Burnet's son Jacob died at Velasco. The Burnets returned to their home, which had been looted, which left them with no furniture or other household articles. To support his family, Burnet practiced law and farmed. Burnet challenged Houston to a duel, but Houston refused: "the people are equally disgusted with both of us."

During his time as acting president, Burnet dismissed several of Lamar's appointees, angering the president. At the conclusion of Lamar's term, Burnet agreed to run for president. Houston also accused Burnet of being a drunk. Burnet again challenged Houston to a duel, but again, Houston refused. Houston won the election, with 7,915 votes to Burnet's 3,619. His feud with Houston continued, and in 1852, Burnet wrote the pamphlet "Review of the Life of General Sam Houston," which recounted many rumors and allegations of Houston's improper behavior. Houston retaliated in February 1859 by giving a speech on the floor of the US Senate that disparaged Burnet. In 1865, Sherman's wife died, and Burnet left Sherman's home to live with Preston Perry. The following year the first Reconstruction state legislature appointed Burnet and Oran Roberts to be U. S. senators from Texas. Neither man was able to take the Ironclad oath and so they were not permitted to take their Senate seats. He was first buried in Magnolia Cemetery, but in 1894, his remains were moved to Galveston's Lakeview Cemetery, where he was buried next to Sidney Sherman's grave. Burnet County was named in his honor when it was formed in 1852, as was its county seat. In 1936, the state erected a statue of Burnet in Clarksville. David G. Burnet Elementary School in Dallas and David G. Burnet Elementary School in Odessa are named in his honor.