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Camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition

A video camera is an optical instrument that captures videos, as opposed to a movie camera, which records images on film. Video cameras were initially developed for the television industry but have since become widely used for a variety of other purposes. Video cameras are used primarily in two modes. The first, characteristic of much early broadcasting, is live television, where the camera feeds real time images directly to a screen for immediate observation. A few cameras still serve live television production, but most live connections are for security, military/tactical, and industrial operations where surreptitious or remote viewing is required. In the second mode the images are recorded to a storage device for archiving or further processing; for many years, videotape was the primary format used for this purpose, but was gradually supplanted by optical disc, hard disk, and then flash memory. Recorded video is used in television production, and more often surveillance and monitoring tasks in which unattended recording of a situation is required for later analysis.

The earliest video cameras were based on the mechanical Nipkow disk and used in experimental broadcasts through the 1910s–1930s. All electronic designs based on the video camera tube, such as Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope and Philo Farnsworth's image dissector, supplanted the Nipkow system by the 1930s. These remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on solid state image sensors such as the charge coupled device (CCD) and later CMOS active pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) eliminated common problems with tube technologies such as image burn in and streaking and made digital video workflow practical, since the output of the sensor is digital so it does not need conversion from analog. The basis for solid state image sensors is metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology, which originates from the invention of the MOSFET (MOS field effect transistor) at Bell Labs in 1959. This led to the development of semiconductor image sensors, including the CCD and later the CMOS active pixel sensor. based on MOS capacitor technology. which led to the development of the CMOS active pixel sensor at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1993. The most important compression algorithm in this regard is the discrete cosine transform (DCT), a lossy compression technique that was first proposed in 1972. Practical digital video cameras were enabled by DCT based video compression standards, including the H.26x and MPEG video coding standards introduced from 1988 onwards. The first experiments with using tape to record a video signal took place in 1951. The first recording systems designed to be mobile (and thus usable outside the studio) were the Portapak systems starting with the Sony DV 2400 in 1967.

While some video cameras have built in lenses others use interchangeable lenses connected via a range of mounts. Some like Panavision PV and Arri PL are designed for movie cameras while others like Canon EF and Sony E come from still photography. A further set of mounts like S mount exist for applications like CCTV.