HTML құжаттарында халықаралық символдарды кодтау жүйелері

Use of encoding systems for international characters in HTML
a list of character entity references

While Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) has been in use since 1991, HTML 4.0 from December 1997 was the first standardized version where international characters were given reasonably complete treatment. When an HTML document includes special characters outside the range of seven bit ASCII, two goals are worth considering: the information's integrity, and universal browser display.

As of HTML5 the recommended charset is UTF 8. and other tentative detection mechanisms. Characters outside of the printable ASCII range (32 to 126) usually appear incorrectly. This presents few problems for English speaking users, but other languages regularly—in some cases, always—require characters outside that range. In Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) language environments where there are several different multi byte encodings in use, auto detection is also often employed. Finally, browsers usually permit the user to override incorrect charset label manually as well. It is increasingly common for multilingual websites and websites in non Western languages to use UTF 8, which allows use of the same encoding for all languages. UTF 16 or UTF 32, which can be used for all languages as well, are less widely used because they can be harder to handle in programming languages that assume a byte oriented ASCII superset encoding, and they are less efficient for text with a high frequency of ASCII characters, which is usually the case for HTML documents. Successful viewing of a page is not necessarily an indication that its encoding is specified correctly. If the page's creator and reader are both assuming some platform specific character encoding, and the server does not send any identifying information, then the reader will nonetheless see the page as the creator intended, but other readers on different platforms or with different native languages will not see the page as intended.

In addition to native character encodings, characters can also be encoded as character references, which can be numeric character references (decimal or hexadecimal) or character entity references. Character entity references are also sometimes referred to as named entities, or HTML entities for HTML. HTML's usage of character references derives from SGML.