Гейтвей: Американдық компьютер компаниясының тарихы

Former American computer hardware company
the computer company

Gateway, Inc., previously Gateway 2000, Inc., was an American computer company originally based in Iowa and South Dakota. Founded by Ted Waitt and Mike Hammond in 1985, the company developed, manufactured, supported, and marketed a wide range of personal computers, computer monitors, servers, and computer accessories. At its peak in the year 2000, the company employed nearly 25,000 worldwide. Following a seven year long slump, punctuated by the acquisition of rival computer manufacturer eMachines in 2004 and massive consolidation of the company's various divisions in an attempt to curb losses and regain market share, Gateway was acquired by Taiwanese hardware and electronics corporation Acer, in October 2007 for US$710 million.

Gateway was founded as the TIPC Network by Ted Waitt and Mike Hammond in September 1985. Ted Waitt was the company's principal founder; he was later joined by his older brother Norman Waitt, Jr. Before founding the company, Ted Waitt lived on his family's cattle farmhouse in Sioux City, Iowa. He had dropped out of two different colleges to work on the farm before landing a job at a computer store in Des Moines, Iowa. After nine months of experience gained on the job, Ted had the idea to start his own computer reselling company that would allow him to sell to niche customers who needed systems in between the lower and upper ends of the personal computer market, whose systems were either too limited in terms of speed and memory or too expensive with seldom used higher end features. Ted also found that educated salespeople could successfully sell computers to customers completely over the telephone, impressing on him the idea that he could eliminate overhead by having a robust remote salesforce and impressive catalog. He was joined by Mike Hammond, Ted's coworker who trained the latter to become a computer salesman at their previous job. The duo's first products were software and peripherals for Texas Instruments' TI 99/4A home computer, advertised in various computer magazines. The TI 99/4A had been discontinued in the previous year and was largely considered obsolete by 1985. TIPC Network charged their first customers with a membership fee of US$20, in order to flush the company with more start up capital. Despite the added research and development divisions in 1991, the company admitted to falling behind their competitors in terms of innovation. In an attempt to catch up, Gateway 2000 began segmenting its marketing to appeal to customers with specific needs beyond value and price. In 1992, they released the HandBook, a lightweight subnotebook aimed at the executive market. At the end of 1992, the company added 200 people to their support and sales departments, increasing the number of total employees in the company to 1,700. The company had managed to avoid losses during a fierce price war ushered in by Compaq over the summer of 1992, becoming the leading mail order computer business in the United States. To remediate the latter, the company released a notebook with a passive matrix color LCD and a newer subnotebook. In order to stave off the rise of competitors Dell and IBM in the mail order market, Gateway 2000 began pursuing markets outside the United States and planned to ramp up their corporate sales by the end of 1993. In service of the latter goal, Gateway 2000 launched a division dedicated to handing major accounts, poaching an executive from IBM to head this division. Gateway's technical support staff doubled its headcount to just over 400; Gateway 2000 assigned each of their large corporate customers their own dedicated technical support associate. In order to offset the higher than expected cost of their corporate sales boost and expansion into Europe, Gateway 2000 announced their plans to go public in October 1993. With their initial public offering the following December, the company raised $163.5 million through selling 10.9 million shares. These shares represented a 15 percent stake in the company; Waitt retained ownership of the other 85 percent of Gateway 2000.

In September 1995, Gateway 2000 commissioned the construction of a manufacturing facility in Hampton, Virginia, worth between $18 million to $20 million and an overseas manufacturing plant in Malaysia to serve computer buyers in East Asia. In August 1995, the company purchased an 80 percent stake in the Australian Osborne retailer, and in the following November, Gateway 2000 established their first website on their first Internet domain, gw2k. com. By the end of the year, Gateway 2000 posted revenues of $3.7 billion. In 1996, Gateway 2000 introduced the Destination 2000, an early home theater PC that used a large screen CRT television as its monitor. It was intended for consuming home media content and multimedia software and came with a built in modem for Internet connectivity. The Destination 2000 sold poorly, and after several months Gateway began offering these systems at retail outlets such as CompUSA at deep discounts. By 1999, Gateway 2000 had opened up over 140 Country Stores. The deal was nearly inked—with Gateway set to receive $7 billion—before Waitt vetoed the acquisition that summer. Gateway 2000 themselves acquired two companies in the year, the first being the Amiga Technologies subsidiary of Escom AG, a German company that had filed for bankruptcy in the preceding year. Announced in March 1997, the deal was finalized in the following May, with Amiga International, Inc., incorporated as a subsidiary of Gateway 2000 in South Dakota. Gateway 2000 paid Escom $13 million for the patents to Amiga technologies, the majority of which centered on multimedia capability. In June 1997, Gateway 2000 acquired Advanced Logic Research, Inc., a maker of high end workstations and servers, in a stock swap valuated at $194 million. In late 1997, Gateway 2000 began phasing out the use of cows in their branding in an attempt to project a more mature image to their corporate clients. Simultaneously, the company formed Gateway Major Accounts, a subsidiary focused on fleet sales to enterprise. In 1998, the company began dropping the "2000" from their moniker, as the coming turn of the millennium meant that "Gateway 2000" would soon sound antiquated. The company was formally reincorporated as Gateway, Inc., in May 1999. Also in 1998, Gateway moved their headquarters from South Dakota to La Jolla, San Diego, California—both because Ted Waitt himself wanted to move to California and also to move the company closer to top executive talent at the center of the technology industry. The move was a success in this right, with a new slate of executives hired in 1998, including Jeff Weitzen, a veteran of the AT&T Corporation who was named president and chief operating officer of Gateway. Gateway. net saw slow adoption rates—there were only 200,000 subscribers in early 1999—and was outage prone. In February 1999, Gateway switched from Web America Networks to MCI WorldCom as their Internet backbone. Also in that month, Gateway began offering one year of free Gateway. net service to those who purchased a Gateway PC worth $1,000 or more. The base of subscribers increased threefold to 600,000 by October 1999 as a result of the promotion. In October 1999, Gateway switched their Internet backbone again to AOL, the latter taking over all operations of Gateway. net in exchange for a $800 million stake in Gateway. Ted Waitt resigned from his position as CEO of Gateway in December 1999. Weitzen was named president and CEO, while Waitt retained chairman status. One of Weitzen's first acts as CEO was approving the divestiture of Gateway's Amiga International division, selling the corresponding Amiga patents and trademark rights to Amino Development Corporation, who later renamed themselves Amiga, Inc.

A global downturn in the personal computer industry at the beginning of 2000 had a major negative impact on Gateway, whose dependence on the worst hit markets of small business and home office buyers incurred significant quarterly losses. Weitzen also laid off many senior managers within the company and broke tradition by selling Gateway's conventional personal computers through retailers such as OfficeMax and QVC. Gateway's net profits fell to between $241.5 million and $316 million, while its stock dropped to $18 per share, down from $72 per share. Prices of the company's computers were massively lowered to make them competitive with offerings from Hewlett Packard and Dell, Gateway's employee base was also cut nearly in half, from 24,600 to 14,000, as part of massive consolidation of the company's manufacturing plants, call centers, and Country Stores outlets. The manufacturing facilities in Malaysia, Ireland, and Lake Forest, California, were all shuttered; meanwhile most of the company's overseas subsidiaries were closed to limit the company's business to mainly within the United States. Additionally in 2001, the company moved to Poway, California. By the end of 2001, the company reported a net loss of $1.03 billion, while revenue fell to $5.94 billion. Gateway's American market share meanwhile shrunk from 9.3 percent in 1999 to 6.1 percent in 2002. In the beginning of the year, the company laid off 2,250 employees after they had closed 19 Country Stores, a pair of technical support call centers, an Internet sales office, and a research and development laboratory. Gateway reported a net loss of $297.7 million for 2002. In the beginning of 2003, Gateway instituted another restructuring, closing 76 of its 268 Gateway Country stores and laying off 1,900 more employees in the process. These products included digital cameras, flat panel television sets, MP3 players, standalone DVD players, home theater PCs with built in DVRs, and PDAs. The company's remaining 192 Gateway Country stores were renovated to accentuate these consumer electronics. Gateway meanwhile attempted to increase its enterprise sales by offering more general purpose servers and network attached storage devices. In late 2003, the company shut down its Hampton facility, and restricted the output of the assembly and refurbishing lines of their North Sioux City and Sioux Falls facilities. Also in late 2003, the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission filed fraud charges against three former Gateway executives: CEO Jeff Weitzen, former chief financial officer John Todd, and former controller Robert Manza. The lawsuit alleged that the executives engaged in securities violations and misled investors about the health of the company. Weitzen was cleared of securities fraud in 2006; however, Todd and Manza were found liable for inflating revenue in a jury trial which concluded in March 2007.

In January 2004, Gateway announced that it had signed an agreement to buy computer manufacturer eMachines of Irvine, California, for $30 million in cash and 50 million shares of stock in Gateway. eMachines was founded six years earlier as a joint venture between TriGem, Korea Data Systems and Sotec; by 2003, it had raked in $1.1 billion in sales and became the third largest seller of personal computers in the United States while only employing 140 people total in its corporate offices. By the time the acquisition was finalized in March, eMachines' payout increased to nearly $300 million, and as a result of the acquisition, Gateway reclaimed the number three spot among American PC manufacturers and the eighth largest PC manufacturer globally. The president and CEO of eMachines, Wayne Inouye, replaced Tedd Waitt as CEO, the latter remaining chairman. A month later, the company announced that it would relocate to Orange County, California (where eMachines had been located); that it would shutter the remaining Gateway Country Stores—laying off 2,500 employees in the process; and that it would begin selling personal computers through third party retailers, as eMachines had done in the past. Gateway reduced another 1,000 jobs from their manufacturing and technical support facilities in Iowa and South Dakota by the end of the year. By this point, the company only employed 4,000. Inouye left Gateway in February 2006, by which point the company employed roughly 1,800—down from 7,500 at the start of his tenure. In fall 2006, Gateway briefly revitalized its United States manufacturing presence with the opening of the Gateway Configuration Center in Nashville, Tennessee. It employed over 300 people in that location to assemble build to order desktops, laptops, and servers. In August 2007, Acer Inc. of Taiwan announced the acquisition of Gateway, Inc., for a US$710 million tender offer. The acquisition was finalized in October 2007. In the interim, MPC Corporation announced that it had inked a deal to acquire Gateway's Professional Services Unit—which manufactured and designed the company's servers, network attached storage devices, and workstations—for approximately $90 million. This MPC deal was also finalized in October 2007. Following the acquisition, Acer used both Gateway and eMachines as sub brands for several years. Many of Acer's most popular lines of personal computers, including netbooks, were rebadged as Gateway machines for midrange consumers, while the eMachines line was kept for budget consumers. In 2013, the company discontinued the eMachines brand, citing the proliferation of tablet computers and 2 in 1 laptops among the low end computer market. The Gateway brand was discontinued soon afterward.