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Web browser designed for use on mobile devices

A mobile browser is a web browser designed for use on a mobile device such as a mobile phone, PDA, smartphone, or tablet. Mobile browsers are optimized to display web content most effectively on small screens on portable devices. Some mobile browsers, especially older versions, are designed to be small and efficient to accommodate the low memory capacity and low bandwidth of certain wireless handheld devices. Traditional smaller feature phones use stripped down mobile web browsers; however, most current smartphones have full fledged browsers that can handle the latest web technologies, such as CSS 3, JavaScript, and Ajax. Websites designed to be usable in mobile browsers may be collectively referred to as the mobile web. Today, over 75% of websites are "mobile friendly", by detecting when a request comes from a mobile device and automatically creating a "mobile" version of the page, designed to fit the device's screen and be usable with a touch interface.

The mobile browser usually connects via the cellular network, or increasingly via Wireless LAN, using standard HTTP over TCP/IP and displays web pages written in HTML. Historically, early feature phones were restricted to only displaying pages specifically designed for mobile use, written in XHTML Mobile Profile (WAP 2.0), or WML (which evolved from HDML). WML and HDML are stripped down formats suitable for transmission across limited bandwidth, and wireless data connection called WAP. In Japan, DoCoMo defined the i mode service based on i mode HTML, which is an extension of Compact HTML (C HTML), a simple subset of HTML. WAP 2.0 specifies XHTML Mobile Profile plus WAP CSS, subsets of the W3C's standard XHTML and CSS with minor mobile extensions. Smartphone mobile browsers are full featured Web browsers capable of HTML, CSS, ECMAScript, as well as mobile technologies such as WML, i mode HTML, or cHTML. To accommodate small screens, they use Post WIMP interfaces.

The first mobile browser for a PDA was PocketWeb for the Apple Newton created at TecO in 1994, followed by the first commercial product NetHopper released in August 1996. The so called "microbrowser" technologies such as WAP, NTTDocomo's i mode platform and Openwave's HDML platform fueled the first wave of interest in wireless data services. The first deployment of a mobile browser on a mobile phone was probably in 1997 when Unwired Planet (later to become Openwave) put their "UP. Browser" on AT&T handsets to give users access to HDML content. A British company, STNC Ltd., developed a mobile browser (HitchHiker) in 1997 that was intended to present the entire device UI. The demonstration platform for this mobile browser (Webwalker) had 1 MIPS total processing power. This was a single core platform, running the GSM stack on the same processor as the application stack. In 1999 STNC was acquired by Microsoft and HitchHiker became Microsoft Mobile Explorer 2.0, not related to the primitive Microsoft Mobile Explorer 1.0. HitchHiker is believed to be the first mobile browser with a unified rendering model, handling HTML and WAP along with ECMAScript, WMLScript, POP3 and IMAP mail in a single client. Although it was not used, it was possible to combine HTML and WAP in the same pages although this would render the pages invalid for any other device. Mobile Explorer 2.0 was available on the Benefon Q, Sony CMD Z5, CMD J5, CMD MZ5, CMD J6, CMD Z7, CMD J7 and CMD J70. With the addition of a messaging kernel and a driver model, this was powerful enough to be the operating system for certain embedded devices. One such device was the Amstrad e m@iler and e m@iler 2. This code formed the basis for MME3. Multiple companies offered browsers for the Palm OS platform. The first HTML browser for Palm OS 1.0 was HandWeb by Smartcode software, released in 1997. HandWeb included its own TCP/IP stack, and Smartcode was acquired by Palm in 1999. Mobile browsers for the Palm OS platform multiplied after the release of Palm OS 2.0, which included a TCP/IP stack. A freeware (although later shareware) browser for the Palm OS was Palmscape, written in 1998 by Kazuho Oku in Japan, who went on to found Ilinx. It was still in limited use as late as 2003. Qualcomm also developed the Eudora Web browser, and launched it with the Palm OS based QCP smartphone. ProxiWeb was a proxy based Web browsing solution, developed by Ian Goldberg and others at the University of California, Berkeley and later acquired by PumaTech. Released in 2001, Mobile Explorer 3.0 added iMode compatibility (cHTML) plus numerous proprietary schemes. By imaginatively combining these proprietary schemes with WAP protocols, MME3.0 implemented OTA database synchronisation, push email, push information clients (not unlike a 'Today Screen') and PIM functionality. The cancelled Sony Ericsson CMD Z700 was to feature heavy integration with MME3.0. Although Mobile Explorer was ahead of its time in the mobile phone space, development was stopped in 2002. Also in 2002, Palm, Inc. offered Web Pro on Tungsten PDAs based upon a Novarra browser. PalmSource offered a competing Web browser based on Access NetFront. Opera software pioneered with its Small Screen Rendering and Medium Screen Rendering technology. The Opera web browser is able to reformat regular web pages for optimal fit on small screens and medium sized (PDA) screens. It was also the first widely available mobile browser to support Ajax and the first mobile browser to pass the Acid2 test. Distinct from a mobile browser is a web based emulator, which uses a "Virtual Handset" to display WAP pages on a computer screen, implemented either in Java or as an HTML transcoder.

The following are some of the more popular mobile browsers. Some mobile browsers are really miniaturized web browsers, so some mobile device providers also provide browsers for desktop and laptop computers. + Usage share of mobile (smartphone and tablet) browsers Source Date AndroidBrowser Chrome InternetExplorer Safari Opera Mini UCBrowser SamsungInternet HuaweiBrowser StatCounter May 2022 1.14% 64.23% 25.24% 1.68% 1.21% 4.65% StatCounter June 2017 4.24% 47.26% 0.59% 21.17% 5.01% 14.16% 6.03% 1.09% StatCounter June 2015 15.81% 30.67% 1.76% 24.64% 10.37% 12.95% 3.79% NetApplications June 2014 22.77% 16.67% 2.01% 47.06% 7.82% 4.69%

Browser Creator FOSS Current browser engine Software license Notes Amazon Silk Amazon Blink Proprietary and LGPL Uses split architecture whereby all processing is performed on Amazon's servers Huawei browser Huawei WebKit Proprietary and LGPLBrowser included with EMUI version 9.0 to version 13.0 and Harmony OS version 2.0 to version 4.0. Android browser Google ✔ WebKit BSD and LGPL Browser included with Android version 1.5 to version 4.1 BlackBerry Browser BlackBerry Mango (ver 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.0)WebKit (ver 6.0+) Proprietary and LGPL Blazer Palm NetFront Proprietary Installed on all newer Palm Treos and PDAs Chrome Google WebKit, Blink (versions 28+) Freeware under Google Chrome Terms of Service, but uses components from the Chromium (web browser) project. Installed as default on Google devices shipping with Android versions 4.1 (Jelly Bean) or higher Clipper Palm Custom Proprietary Installed on Palm VII series devices, or via Palm's Mobile Internet Kit Dolphin Browser MoboTap WebKitProprietary Installed on all Bada Firefox for Mobile Mozilla ✔ Gecko, WebKit (iOS version only) MPL Currently released for Android and iOS, but default browser for Firefox OS devices (now discontinued) Internet Explorer Mobile Microsoft MSHTML Proprietary On Windows Phone and Windows Mobile only Iris Browser Torch Mobile WebKit Proprietary and LGPL Acquired by Research in Motion No longer supports Windows Mobile or Linux Kindle web browser Amazon NetFront Proprietary Labeled "experimental" Microsoft Edge Microsoft EdgeHTML Proprietary On Windows 10 Mobile Myriad Browser Myriad Group Magellan (ver. 6. x) Fugu (ver 7. x) WebKit (ver 9) Proprietary and LGPL Acquired from Openwave in 2008 NetFront ACCESS NetFront Proprietary Nokia Series 40 Browser Nokia WebKit Proprietary and LGPL OpenwaveUnwired PlanetProprietaryProprietaryHDML, WAP, WML Opera Mini Opera Presto Proprietary Capable of pre processing web pages and formatting for small screens Opera Mobile Opera Presto, Blink (versions 15+) Proprietary Capable of reading HTML and can reformat for small screens PlayStation Portable web browser Sony NetFront Proprietary Polaris Browser Infraware Inc. Lumi (Ver. 6. x) WebKit (Ver. 7. x) Proprietary and LGPL Nokia, Samsung, Kyocera and other phones sold in the United States, China, South Korea, etc. QQ browser Tencent WebKit, MSHTML Proprietary S60 web browser Nokia ✔ WebKit LGPL On S60 phones (predominantly Nokia) Safari Apple WebKit (WebCore) Proprietary and LGPL On iOS (iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad) Skyfire Mobile Browser Skyfire WebKit Proprietary and LGPL Renders Flash 10, Ajax and Silverlight content. Currently supports iOS and Android. WebOS BrowserPalm WebKit Proprietary and LGPL The last WebOS, 3.0.5, was released on January 12, 2012 Browser Creator FOSS Current browser engine Software license Notes

Browser Creator Current browser engine Platforms Software license Notes 360 Web Browser Digital Poke iOS BOLT browser Bitstream WebKit Java ME, BlackBerry Proprietary Discontinued December 2011 BraveBraveBlinkiOS, AndroidOpen sourcePrivacy focused, built on Chromium. Cake BrowserCake Technologies, Inc. WebKitiOS, AndroidSwipeable mobile browser created in 2018 Google Chrome Google Blink, V8, WebKit (iOS) Android, iOS Proprietary under Google Chrome Terms of Service Chromium Google Blink, V8 Android, Linux BSD 3 and others Primary code base of Chrome. Classilla Cameron Kaiser Clecko (modified Gecko) Mac OS 8.6, Mac OS 9 MPL/GPL/LGPL Although desktop, uses a mobile user agent by default due to the older machines it services. Deepfish Microsoft Windows Mobile Proprietary Proxy rendering browser (discontinued) Dolphin Browser MoboTap WebKit Android, iOS DuckDuckGo DuckDuckGo Blink, WebKit (iOS) Android, iOS Apache 2.0 Firefox for mobile Mozilla Gecko, WebKit (iOS) Android, Firefox OS (discontinued), iOS MPL Includes HTML5 support, Firefox Sync, add ons support and tabbed browsing. Firefox Focus/Klar Mozilla Gecko, WebKit (iOS) Android, iOS MPL 2.0 GNU IceCat GNU Project Gecko Android, Linux MPL 2.0, GPLv3+ JioBrowser Jio WebKit, Blink Android Proprietary Links Twibright Labs PlayStation Portable GPL Unofficial port, requires custom firmware Mercury Browser iLegendSoft, Inc. Android, iOS Proprietary Micromax Browser Micromax Informatics Android Minimo Mozilla Foundation Gecko Linux, Windows CE MPL/GPL/LGPL Discontinued NetFront ACCESS NetFront, WebKit Linux, S60, BREW, Android, Windows Mobile, others Proprietary Opera Mini Opera Presto Java ME, Android, Windows Mobile, iOS, BlackBerry, S60, others Proprietary Supports most features of stand alone Opera, but can run on less capable phones by offloading memory intensive rendering to proxy server (based on Opera Mobile running on a server) Opera Mobile Opera Presto, Blink Android, Maemo, BREW, S60, Windows Mobile From version 14 it is based on Chromium. Pale Moon Moonchild Productions Android Proprietary Built on Firefox code Pixo Sun Microsystems QQ browser Tencent WebKit, MSHTML Windows, Mac OS X, Android, iOS Proprietary Skweezer Skyfire Skyfire Labs, Inc. WebKit (ver 2. x+), Gecko (ver 1. x) Android, iOS Supports Flash and Ajax. As of as of 2010, it no longer supports Symbian OS or Windows Mobile Sleipnir Fenrir Inc WebKit Android, iOS, Windows Mobile Steel WebKit Android Discontinued Teashark Java ME Proprietary Tor Browser The Tor Project, Guardian Project Gecko Android, Linux MPL 2.0 UC Browser UC Mobile U3 (based on WebKit) S60, Java ME, Android, iOS, Windows Mobile, Bada Proprietary Proxy rendering in Java and Symbian. U3 engine in Android. Vision Mobile Browser Novarra Java ME, BREW Proprietary Vivaldi Vivaldi Technologies Blink, V8 Android, Linux, iOSBSD 3, Proprietary WinWAP Winwap Technologies Windows Mobile Proprietary Arc The Browser Company WebKit iOS Proprietary Browser Creator Current browser engine Platforms Software license Notes