Жабық манифольдтар және олардың қасиеттері

In mathematics, a closed manifold is a manifold without boundary that is compact. In comparison, an open manifold is a manifold without boundary that has only non compact components.

The only connected one dimensional example is a circle. The sphere, torus, and the Klein bottle are all closed two dimensional manifolds. The real projective space RPn is a closed n dimensional manifold. The complex projective space CPn is a closed 2n dimensional manifold. A line is not closed because it is not compact. A closed disk is a compact two dimensional manifold, but it is not closed because it has a boundary.

Every closed manifold is a Euclidean neighborhood retract and thus has finitely generated homology groups. If is a closed connected n manifold, the n th homology group is or 0 depending on whether is orientable or not. Moreover, the torsion subgroup of the (n 1) th homology group is 0 or depending on whether is orientable or not. This follows from an application of the universal coefficient theorem. Let be a commutative ring. For orientable with
fundamental class , the map defined by is an isomorphism for all k. This is the Poincaré duality. In particular, every closed manifold is orientable. So there is always an isomorphism .

For a connected manifold, "open" is equivalent to "without boundary and non compact", but for a disconnected manifold, open is stronger. For instance, the disjoint union of a circle and a line is non compact since a line is non compact, but this is not an open manifold since the circle (one of its components) is compact.

Most books generally define a manifold as a space that is, locally, homeomorphic to Euclidean space (along with some other technical conditions), thus by this definition a manifold does not include its boundary when it is embedded in a larger space. However, this definition doesn’t cover some basic objects such as a closed disk, so authors sometimes define a manifold with boundary and abusively say manifold without reference to the boundary. But normally, a compact manifold (compact with respect to its underlying topology) can synonymously be used for closed manifold if the usual definition for manifold is used. The notion of a closed manifold is unrelated to that of a closed set. A line is a closed subset of the plane, and a manifold, but not a closed manifold.

The notion of a "closed universe" can refer to the universe being a closed manifold but more likely refers to the universe being a manifold of constant positive Ricci curvature.