Франциядағы либерализм мен радикализмнің тарихы

Overview of liberalism and radicalism in France
Liberalism and radicalism have played a role in the political history of France. The main line of conflict in France in the long nineteenth century was between monarchists (mainly Legitimists and Orléanists but also Bonapartists) and republicans (Radical Socialists, Opportunist Republicans, and later socialists). The Orléanists, who favoured constitutional monarchy and economic liberalism, were opposed to the Republican Radicals. The Radical Party and especially the "republican" parties (Democratic Republican Alliance, Republican Federation, National Centre of Independents and Peasants, Independent Republicans, Republican Party, and Liberal Democracy) have since embraced liberalism, including its economic version, and have mostly joined either the Union for a Popular Movement in 2002, later renamed The Republicans in 2015, while a minority are affiliated with the Union of Democrats and Independents, launched in 2012. Emmanuel Macron, a former member of the Socialist Party, launched En Marche! (later re named Renaissance) in 2016 and has served as President of France since 2017.

1901: The centre right liberal Democratic Republican Alliance (ARD) and the Popular Liberal Action (ALP) are formed. 1902: The Progressive Union (UR) is merged into the ARD. 1903: The more conservative Republican Federation (FR) is founded and the Liberal Republican Union (ULR) and National Republican Association (ANR) are merged into it. 1911: The ARD is renamed Democratic Republican Party (PRD). 1917: The ARD goes back to its original name. 1919: The ALP is merged into the FR. 1920: The ARD is further renamed Social, Democratic and Republican Party (PRDS). 1926: The ARD is finally renamed Democratic Alliance (AD). 1945: The liberal conservative Republican Party of Liberty (PRL), successor of the FR, is founded. 1948: The liberal conservative National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP) is founded. 1949: The declining AD and the PRL are absorbed by the CNIP. 1962: A group of splinters from the CNIP, led by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, oppose the party's decision to withdraw support to President Charles de Gaulle and, in order to continue to be part of the government, form the Independent Republicans (RI). 1974: Giscard d'Estaing is elected President of France in the presidential election. 1976: The RI are a founding member of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party. 1977: The RI are renamed Republican Party (PR). 1978: The PR joins forces with the Centre of Social Democrats, the Radical Party and the Social Democratic Party to form the Union for French Democracy (UDF). 1995: The Popular Party for French Democracy (PPDF) is formed by supporters of Giscard, including several Republicans, within the UDF. 1997: The PR, under the new leader Alain Madelin, is renamed Liberal Democracy (DL). 1998: The DL separates from the UDF, but a group of dissidents form the Independent Republican and Liberal Pole (PRIL) in order to remain loyal to the UDF. 2002: The DL and the PPDF merge with the Gaullist conservative Rally for the Republic (RPR) to form the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Liberal factions within the new party include The Reformers, the "Liberal Clubs", "Liberal Generation" and the "Free Right", as well as the Radical Party (see below). 2007: The UDF is transformed into the Democratic Movement (see below). Dissidents form the New Centre (NC) and the Civic Alliance for Democracy in Europe (ACDE) to continue the alliance with the UMP. 2009: Former UDF members formed the Centrist Alliance (AC). 2012: The NC, the AC, the ACDE, Modern Left and other minor centre right or centrist parties form the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI), which aims at becoming a centrist alternative to the UMP, while being in alliance with it. Democratic European Force splits from the NC. 2014: The UDI and the Democratic Movement form a short lived alliance named The Alternative. 2015: The UMP is transformed into The Republicans (LR). 2016: The UDI joins the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party. The NC is transformed into The Centrists (LC), which continues to be part of the UDI. 2017: A moderate faction of LR forms Agir. 2021: Centre right politicians form Horizons. 2021: Agir and Horizons join the ⇒ LREM led Ensemble Citoyens.

1901: The Radicals organise themselves in the Republican, Radical and Radical Socialist Party (Rad). 1926: Dissident Radicals form the Independent Radicals (RI), later Independent Radical Party (PRI). 1946: The Radicals, along with the PRI, the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (UDSR) and minor parties, form the Rally of Left Republicans (RGR). 1956: The Radicals and the other components of the RGR join forces with the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), however some dissidents transformed the RGR into a full fledged party and other Radical dissidents from the Republican Centre (CR). 1959: The RGR merges into the Gaullist Union for the New Republic (UNR). 1961: Pierre Mendès France, a leading Radical and former Prime Minister, joins the Unified Socialist Party (PSU). 1972: A left wing faction forms the Movement of Left Radicals (MRG). 1978: The Rad becomes an affiliated member of the centrist UDF. 1996: The MRG is renamed Radical Socialist Party (PRS). 1996: The PRS is renamed Radical Party of the Left (PRG). 2002: The Rad leaves the UDF and becomes an affiliated member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). 2011: The Rad cuts its ties with the UMP and joins The Alliance. 2012: The Rad is, along with other parties (see above), a founding member of the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI). 2017: The Rad and the PRG are merged into the Radical Movement (MR). 2017: A group of PRG members founded The Radicals of the Left (LRG). 2019: A group of former members of the PRG re form the PRG as an independent party.

2006: A group of classical liberals establish the Liberal Alternative (AL). 2008: A group of dissidents leaves the AL and launches the Liberal Democratic Party (PLD). 2012: The PLD joins the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI).

2007: The Democratic Movement (MoDem) is formed by François Bayrou, until then leader of the Union for French Democracy (which has suffered the split of some of its founding components in 1998–2002, see above), on the remnants of the latter party. 2014: The MoDem and the Union of Democrats and Independents form a short lived alliance named The Alternative. 2017: The MoDem forms an alliance with La République En Marche! and endorses its leader Emmanuel Macron in the presidential election (see below).

2016: Emmanuel Macron, a former member of the Socialist Party, launches La République En Marche! (EM!). 2017: Macron is elected President of France in the presidential election.