Маршалл стипендиясы: Ұлыбританияда оқуға арналған грант

Postgraduate scholarship

The Marshall Scholarship is a postgraduate scholarship for "intellectually distinguished young Americans [and] their country's future leaders" to study at any university in the United Kingdom. It is widely considered one of the most prestigious scholarships for U. S. citizens, and along with the Fulbright Scholarship, it is the only broadly available scholarship available to Americans to study at any university in the United Kingdom. Created by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1953 as a living gift to the United States in recognition of the generosity of Secretary of State George C. Marshall and the Marshall Plan in the wake of World War II, the goal of the scholarship was to strengthen the Special Relationship between the two countries for "the good of mankind in this turbulent world." The scholarships are awarded by the Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission and are largely funded by the British government. The program was also the first major co educational British graduate scholarship; one third of the inaugural cohort in 1954 were women. With nearly 1,000 university endorsed and selected applicants in recent years, it is among the most selective graduate scholarships for Americans, with an acceptance rate of around four percent, and as low as 3.2 percent in 2015. There are over 1,900 Marshall Scholar alumni. The act's passage was backed by "leaders of all political hues," with British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin describing the scholarship's establishment as "a great opportunity for Europe." While the authors of the proposal initially considered partnering with the Rhodes Scholarship and even considered using the same selection committees, this idea was eventually disregarded because its proponents strongly believed the scholarships should be available to women, and to married men under the age of 28; at the time, the Rhodes Scholarship was limited to single men under the age of 25. The creation of a separate scholarship was a cause of great concern to Lord Godfrey Elton, the head of the Rhodes Trust at the time, who worried that the ability to study at other universities would draw potential applicants. He urged the Foreign Office to create a "reverse exchange" for British students in the United States instead. The Rhodes Scholarship became open to women beginning in 1977 following the passage of the British Sex Discrimination Act in 1975. As part of the celebrations for the 50th Anniversary of the Marshall Scholarships in 2003, a Marshall Medal was awarded to distinguished Americans in recognition of their contributions to UK US relations, including Stephen Breyer (1959 Marshall Scholar), Ray Dolby (1957 Marshall Scholar), Thomas L. Friedman (1975 Marshall Scholar) and Nannerl Keohane (1961 Marshall Scholar). The number of scholars increased to thirty in 1973, forty in 1991, and 44 between 2004–2007. In 2010, the commission decided to offer a limited number of one year awards. In 2016, the Foreign Office announced that forty scholars had been selected, a 25 percent increase over the originally planned 32, with Foreign Office Minister Alok Sharma calling it a demonstration of how "resolute Britain is in its commitment to the special relationship." In the early years of the Marshall Scholarship, it was common for new scholars to travel together to the UK on an ocean liner, but now scholars are usually flown together to London from Washington, D. C. following a welcome program with top United Kingdom and United States government and diplomatic officials.

In a letter to the first class of Marshall Scholars, George Marshall echoed his own words in initially presenting his ideas for European recovery by saying, "A close accord between our two countries is essential to the good of mankind in this turbulent world of today, and that is not possible without an intimate understanding of each other. These scholarships point the way to the continuation and growth of the understanding which found its necessity in the terrible struggle of the war years. "</blockquote>Between 900 and 1000 students are typically endorsed to apply for the Marshall Scholarship annually. In 2015 and 2016, 3.2 and 3.5 percent of university endorsed applicants to the Marshall Scholarship were elected. In 2020, 1,000 students were endorsed, 160 interviewed, and 46 selected. Winners from Harvard University have had average GPA of 3.92, and Stanford University recommends that applicants have a GPA of 3.8 or above. Between 1954 and 2022, 256 of 2,179 scholars received their undergraduate degrees from Harvard University (12 percent), 138 from Princeton University, 125 from Yale University, 94 from Stanford University, and 83 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Among public universities, the top producers are the United States Military Academy, with 47 scholars, followed by the United States Naval Academy (34 scholars) and the University of California, Berkeley (33 scholars). The following table includes those institutions that have produced 30 or more scholars since 1954.

In structure and selection criteria, the Scholarship is most similar to the American Rhodes Scholarship and the Fulbright Program. Like the Fulbright available for study in the United Kingdom, Marshall Scholars can study at any university in the UK. However, under the Fulbright, applicants compete in separate pools for 43 specified universities of varying selectivity, except for two awards tenable at any university. The Marshall Scholarship is more flexible than the Rhodes Scholarship, in that Marshall Scholars can study at any British university, and can also attend a different university each year during a Scholar's tenure. Also, because the selection processes of the scholarships discussed above differ, the likelihood that an applicant will be granted a final round interview is different for each scholarship. In 2014, 15.9 percent of university endorsed applicants for the Marshall Scholarship received a finalist interview, compared to 24 percent of Rhodes applicants and 5.4 percent of Mitchell applicants. Walter Isaacson, describing Rhodes Scholars as "fairly intelligent, well rounded, honest people who could be counted on to be upstanding citizens," has said that "the real geniuses were the Marshall Scholars," perhaps because of the expectation that Rhodes Scholars be "all rounders." In practice, the Marshall and Rhodes have engaged an "informal rivalry," but in career trajectory after the completion of their fellowships, "the line between [the fellowships] is not so evident," with scholars pursuing similar fields with similar success. In general, a higher percentage of Marshall Scholars "go on to careers in academia and research, whereas Rhodes Scholars are more evenly scattered through the full range of professional occupations." The organization has been led by several notable board and advisory members, including Kathleen Sullivan, Reid Hoffman, Nannerl Keohane, Peter Orszag, Harold Koh, Roger Tsien and Daniel Yergin. In 2017 the Association of Marshall Scholars, in partnership with the German Marshall Fund and the British Embassy, Washington, hosted the Harvard Marshall Forum at Harvard University to mark the 70th anniversary of the Marshall Plan and focused on its legacy and impact today. The event featured 30 speakers including Madeleine Albright as well as Supreme Court Justices Stephen Breyer and Neil Gorsuch, both Marshall Scholars. In 2018, the AMS partnered with the British Consulate General in San Francisco and the Bechtel International Center at Stanford University to host a Marshall Forum on Innovation. The Forum focused on the pipeline of scientific invention in fields such as biomedicine and genetics that are of particular interest to the United States and the United Kingdom. Distinguished speakers included Reid Hoffman, a Marshall Scholar, and David Reitze, Director of LIGO Laboratory. The forum highlighted societal challenges and opportunities raised by explosive innovations in these fields as they interact with advances in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and data science. In 2019, the AMS hosted the Marshall Forum with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, focusing on peace and prosperity. The Forum featured 17 speakers including the Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney, the Director of U. S. National Security Agency General Paul Nakasone, former U. S. Ambassadors Michael Froman, Carla Hills, and William J. Burns, and former British Ambassador to the United States Kim Darroch. The Association of Marshall Scholars releases an annual public opinion poll in partnership with Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts. The poll measures the American public's perceptions of the United Kingdom.

Stephen O'HarrowUniversity of MichiganUniversity of London SOAS1962University of Hawaii Director of Southeast Asian Studies Anthony C. E. QuaintonPrinceton UniversityUniversity of Oxford1955 Ambassador to Nicaragua, Kuwait, Peru, and Central African Empire Thomas Eugene Everhart Harvard UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1955 president, California Institute of Technology; chancellor, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Ray Dolby Stanford UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1957 inventor and chairman of Dolby Arthur JaffePrinceton UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1959L. T. Clay Professor of Mathematics and Theoretical Science, Harvard University John Jay Iselin Harvard UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1959 president of Cooper Union, president of WNET Stephen Breyer Stanford UniversityUniversity of Oxford1959 associate justice, U. S. Supreme Court Bruce Babbitt University of Notre DameNewcastle University1960 Governor of Arizona, U. S. Secretary of the Interior Keith Griffin Williams CollegeUniversity of Oxford1960 president of Magdalen College, University of Oxford Nannerl Keohane Wellesley CollegeUniversity of Oxford1961president Duke University and Wellesley College Ed Victor Dartmouth CollegeUniversity of Cambridge1961 journalist and literary agent Graham Allison Harvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1962 foreign policy expert, Undersecretary of Defense Thomas C. Grey Stanford UniversityUniversity of Oxford1963professor of law, Stanford University Thomas Babe Harvard UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1963 playwrightStuart Kauffman Dartmouth CollegeUniversity of Oxford1963founder, Elizabeth Kauffman Institute for Transforming Medicine Alfred Guzzetti Harvard UniversityUniversity of London1964 experimental and documentary filmmaker John Spratt Davidson CollegeUniversity of Oxford1964 U. S. Congress for South Carolina William H. Janeway Princeton UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1965venture capitalist and economist Lewis Sargentich Occidental CollegeSussex University1965 professor, Harvard Law School Benjamin M. Friedman Harvard UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1966 political economistLinn HobbsNorthwestern UniversityUniversity of Oxford1966professor emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology William Broyles Jr. Rice UniversityUniversity of Oxford1966 screenwriter Daniel Yergin Yale UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1968Pulitzer Prize winning author Jerry A. Hausman Brown UniversityUniversity of Oxford1968professor of economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Robert Oden Harvard UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1969 president, Carleton College and Kenyon College Peter Kramer Harvard UniversityUniversity College, London1970 author Nancy Cox Iowa State UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1970director of the influenza division, Center for Disease Control and Prevention Jonathan Galassi Harvard College University of Cambridge 1971 president, Farrar, Straus and Giroux Marty Kaplan Harvard UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1971 director, Norman Lear Center Jonathan Erichsen Harvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1972 professor of visual neuroscience, Cardiff University Odaline de la Martinez Tulane UniversityRoyal Academy of Music1972Cuban American composer Roger Tsien Harvard UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Benedict Gross Harvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1973 professor of mathematics known for the Gross–Zagier theorem James K. Galbraith Harvard UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1974 economist and Journalist William A. Darity Jr. Brown UniversityLondon School of Economics1974 economist, professor of public policy at Duke University Douglas A. MeltonUniversity of Illinois Urbana ChampaignUniversity of Cambridge1975 chair, Harvard University department of stem cell and regenerative biology Thomas FriedmanBrandeis UniversityUniversity of Oxford1975 journalist, author, three time Pulitzer Prize winner Harold KohHarvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1975 former dean, Yale Law School Sandra E. ShumwaySouthampton College, Long Island UniversityUniversity of Wales at Bangor1976 marine scientist, University of ConnecticutAmy WaxYale UniversityUniversity of Oxford1976professor of law, University of Pennsylvania Law School Jane M. HawkinsCollege of the Holy CrossUniversity of Warwick1976 mathematician, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kathleen SullivanCornell UniversityUniversity of Oxford1976 professor, Stanford Law School Paul TashIndiana UniversityUniversity of Edinburgh1976 CEO of Times Publishing CompanyMary E. EdgertonUT MD Anderson Cancer CenterUniversity of East Anglia1976breast cancer researcher Jef McAllister Yale UniversityUniversity of Oxford1977former London Bureau chief of TIME Bill BufordUniversity of California, BerkeleyUniversity of Cambridge1977 founding editor of Granta Edward HundertYale UniversityUniversity of Oxford1978 educator, psychiatrist, and medical ethicist William J. BurnsLa Salle UniversityUniversity of Oxford1978 Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, U. S. Ambassador to Russia Jeff ModisettUniversity of California, Los AngelesUniversity of Oxford1978 Indiana Attorney General Thomas CarothersHarvard UniversityLondon School of Economics1978 vice president for studies at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Mark WhitakerHarvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1979 managing editor of CNN Worldwide, senior vice
president of NBC News, editor of Newsweek Arthur L. Haywood III Morehouse College London School of Economics 1979 Pennsylvania State Senator Jeffrey RosensweigYale UniversityUniversity of Oxford1979 Director of Global Perspectives, Emory UniversityE. Sterl PhinneyCalifornia Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Cambridge1980professor, Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology Bruce AllenMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Cambridge1980director, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics Kurt M. CampbellUniversity of California, San DiegoUniversity of Oxford1980 U. S. Deputy Secretary of State, National Security Council coordinator for the Indo Pacific Steven StrogatzPrinceton UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1980 applied mathematician (Complex Networks) James M. PoterbaHarvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1980professor of economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Richard CordrayMichigan State UniversityUniversity of Oxford1981 director, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau D. Cameron FindlayNorthwestern UniversityUniversity of Oxford 1982 former U. S. Deputy Secretary of Labor Nancy GibbsYale UniversityUniversity of Oxford1982 managing editor of Time Seth LloydHarvard UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1982 quantum information scientist Ted ConoverAmherst CollegeUniversity of Cambridge1982 author, essayist and journalist Daniel BenjaminHarvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1983Ambassador at Large, U. S. State Department Stephen JenningsDartmouth CollegeUniversity of Oxford1983Co CEO, Monitor Group (now Monitor Deloitte) Matthew Adler Yale University University of Oxford 1984 founding director of the Duke University Center
for Law, Economics and Public Policy Michael KlarmanUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of Oxford1984 Constitutional law scholar, Harvard Law School Sheryll D. CashinVanderbilt UniversityUniversity of Oxford1984law professor, Georgetown University Cindy SughrueBoston UniversityUniversity of Sheffield1985CEO of Scottish Ballet, director of the Charles Dickens Museum Jeremy Heyl Princeton UniversityDurham University, Cambridge University 1992 professor of physics and astronomy, University of British Columbia Angela Duckworth Harvard College University of Oxford 1992 head of Duckworth Lab, University of Pennsylvania Kelly Grovier University of California, Los AngelesUniversity of Oxford1992 poet and literary critic Neil Gorsuch Columbia UniversityUniversity of Oxford1992 associate justice, U. S. Supreme CourtAnnabel ParkBoston UniversityUniversity of Oxford1992documentary filmmaker Drew Daniel University of California, BerkeleyUniversity of Oxford1993 English professor, Johns Hopkins University Nancy Lublin Brown UniversityUniversity of Oxford1993 founder of Dress For Success; CEO, DoSomething Danielle Allen Princeton UniversityUniversity of Cambridge 1993 director, Harvard Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics Kannon Shanmugam Harvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1993 Supreme Court litigator Ahilan Arulanantham Georgetown UniversityUniversity of Oxford1994 human rights attorney Jeffrey Gettleman Cornell UniversityUniversity of Oxford1994Pulitzer Prize winning author, journalist Jennifer Daskal Brown UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1994former counsel, Department of Justice Amy Finkelstein Harvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1995professor at MIT Jason Bordoff Brown UniversityUniversity of Oxford1995National Security Council Nicole Krauss Stanford UniversityUniversity of Oxford1996 novelist Mark Hersam University of Illinois Urbana ChampaignUniversity of Cambridge1996professor of chemistry, Northwestern University Jonathan Orszag Princeton UniversityUniversity of Oxford1996 senior managing director of Compass Lexecon,
Clinton Administration Economic Advisor A. Benjamin Spencer Morehouse CollegeLondon School of Economics1996 Dean & Trustee Professor, William & Mary Law School Derek Kilmer Princeton UniversityUniversity of Oxford1996 U. S. Congressman for Washington Samuel Rascoff Harvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1996 professor, New York University School of Law Joshua Oppenheimer Harvard UniversityUniversity of the Arts London1997award winning documentary film director Robert Lane Greene Tulane UniversityUniversity of Oxford1997journalist Kim Campbell U. S. Air Force AcademyImperial College, London1997U. S. Air Force pilot, Distinguished Flying Cross recipient Katie Beirne Fallon University of Notre DameQueens University Belfast; London School of Economics1998former legislative affairs Director, White House Sewell Chan Harvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford1998journalist Warwick Sabin University of ArkansasUniversity of Oxford1998 former Member, Arkansas House of RepresentativesDan KleinCornell UniversityUniversity of Oxford1998professor computer science, University of California, Berkeley Josh West Yale UniversityUniversity of Cambridge1999professor of earth sciences, University of Southern
California, 2008 Summer Olympics for Great Britain Matthew SpenceStanford UniversityUniversity of Oxford2000deputy assistant secretary of defense for Middle East policy Zachary D. Kaufman Yale UniversityUniversity of Oxford2000 legal academic and social entrepreneur Adam CohenHarvard UniversityUniversity of Cambridge2001professor of chemistry, Harvard University Krish O'Mara VignarajahYale UniversityUniversity of Oxford2001president & CEO, Global Refuge Anne McClain U. S. Military AcademyUniversity of Bath and University of Bristol2002Colonel, U. S. Army, NASA astronaut. Collin O'MaraDartmouth CollegeUniversity of Oxford2003president of National Wildlife Federation Scott MacIntyre Arizona State UniversityRoyal Holloway, University of London, Royal College of Music2005 musician, American Idol season 8 contestantAndrew KlaberYale University, Harvard UniversityUniversity of Oxford2004Partner at Paulson & Company Tianhui Michael Li Princeton UniversityUniversity of Cambridge2007 first data scientist in residence at Andreessen HorowitzMiles TaylorIndiana UniversityUniversity of Oxford2012National security expert, author, former DHS chief of staffR. F. KuangGeorgetown UniversityUniversity of Cambridge, University of Oxford2018Fantasy novelist, historianFinale Doshi VelezMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyUniversity of Cambridge (Trinity College)2007Computer scientist