Канон FD линзалары: тарихы мен ерекшеліктері

Standard lens mount on the Canon

The Canon FD lens mount is a physical standard for connecting a photographic lens to a 35mm single lens reflex camera body. The standard was developed by Canon of Japan and was introduced in March 1971 with the Canon F 1 camera. It served as the Canon SLR interchangeable lens mounting system until the 1987 introduction of the Canon EOS series cameras, which use the newer EF lens mount. The FD mount lingered through the release of the 1990 Canon T60, the last camera introduced in the FD system, and the end of the Canon New F 1 product cycle in 1992. The FD mount was based upon and replaced Canon's earlier FL mount (which in turn had replaced the R mount); FD mount cameras can use FL lenses in stop down metering mode. Though never officially explained by Canon, others have attempted to assign a meaning to the "FD" designation. One such attempt states that the "FD" notation stands for "Focal plane shutter with Dual linkage for diaphragm control"; in actuality, there were two linkages and two signals: the automatic aperture lever, aperture signal lever, full aperture signal pin, and automatic exposure lock pin. This is twice the previous lens series, which used the "FL" designation, said to mean "Focal plane shutter, Linked mount." Over the 21 plus years of production, Canon introduced 134 different FD lenses ranging from 7.5mm through 1,200mm in seventeen different fixed focal lengths and nineteen different zoom ranges, one of the most, if not the most, extensive manual focus lens lines ever produced. The Canon FD system enjoyed huge popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, when it established and grew a market share with professional photographers as well as having equipped over a million consumer users. Indeed, sales of the Canon AE 1 camera alone exceeded one million. Canon obsoleted the FD mount by its decision to create the all electronic EF mount. Thus, the FD mount system, with limited provision for auto focus, is now commercially obsolete, and Canon FD cameras and lenses are available for low prices on the second hand market. This makes the system very attractive to 35mm film photographers who demand the highest optical quality, while not needing auto focus capability. FD lenses can be used on many mirrorless interchangeable lens cameras with a suitable adapter. They are a popular alternative to modern lenses among some users, though they lack autofocus.

The earliest breech lock Canon FD lenses (1970 1973) are generally recognizable by a chrome (silver) filter ring at the front (this ring includes its own bayonet used to mount an appropriate lens hood). Nicknamed 'chrome nose' lenses, these used two new proprietary lens coatings, designated "S. C." (Spectra Coating) and "S. S. C." (Super Spectra Coating), but neither coating was signified on the front of the lens. These were both multi coatings, but indicated two quality grades. In the 'chrome nose' series, only the large aperture 55mm f/1.2, and 55mm F1.2 AL (Aspherical) and the 7.5mm Fish Eye lenses used S. S. C. coating. This first series of FD lenses shared other characteristics that would later change; the breech lock ring can be rotated freely without mounting it on a camera body, and the aperture ring had a green "o" at the end of the scale to indicate automatic aperture operation, which at the time was only possible with an F 1 body that had the Servo EE Finder attached. The aperture ring could be rotated freely on and off of "o", although the small AE switch pin in the back of the lens (which came out when the aperture ring was rotated to "o") prevented one from doing this unless the body has the appropriate small hole in the proper location. There are chrome nose first generation FD lenses without chrome front barrels: several wide angle lenses and some telephoto lenses have black barrels, but their date code, lack of an aperture lock button and freely rotating breech ring place them into the first version FD lens group. The second series of breech lock FD lenses (1973 1976), which discontinued the chrome barrel front, is engraved "S. C." in white or "S. S. C." in red on the front of the lens. The S. S. C. coating was extended to most lenses in this series. The basic S. C. coating was, for the most part, limited to the least expensive lenses. These 2nd breech ring generation FD lenses still had a green "o", but now there was a chrome lock button on the aperture ring that had to be depressed to put the lens on or take the lens off of "o". One still could not put the lens on "o" unless the camera body had the AE switch pin hole. And the lens could not be mounted on a non EE / AE body if the lens was set on "o". The breech ring now featured a lock which prevented it from rotating unless a rear cap was put on or the lens was mounted to a body. Further, the breech ring rotated slightly when the lens was mounted to aid in getting the lens securely mounted. The aperture diaphragm was opened fully when the breech ring was in the locked position. The third variant, made from 1976 to the end of production of breech ring FD lenses (around 1980) changed the green "o" to a green "A" and the chrome aperture ring lock button was changed from chrome to black. The breech ring was still locked unless mounted and it still had the spring loaded twist to make it easier to mount the lens. The third version FD 50mm F1.8 lens also received a plastic front barrel to reduce size and weight. This corresponded with the introduction of the Canon A series cameras which were smaller and lighter than the older, larger and heavier "F series" bodies. In 1978, with the introduction of the New FD series (nicknamed 'FDn'), the coating type was no longer specified on the lens front. All of these lenses received S. S. C. coating, with the sole exception of the 50mm lens. New FD lenses are easily identifiable by the replacement of the breech ring with a square metal release button at the base of the lens. When installing the lens, the entire body rotates except for the mating surfaces. This design allowed for the benefits of the precision breech lock and the ease of a bayonet mount. The original breech lock FD lenses and the New FD lenses are completely functionally interchangeable, and may each be used on any FD camera body. A minor operational difference between New FD and earlier lenses occurs only when using a Canon New F 1 body with the AE Finder FN in aperture preferred AE mode. The New FD lenses' aperture rings were placed closer to the rear of the lens so that the aperture value is visible in the new F 1's viewfinder, via an optical prism. Earlier lenses' aperture scales do not align properly with the prism, and are therefore not visible.

An enhanced range of FD lenses was available to photographers who required the highest optical and mechanical performance. In addition to more robust mechanical construction, these lenses used a variety of special technologies, including ground aspherical surfaces, calcium fluorite optical elements, and ultra low dispersion glass. Canon used these means to achieve outstanding optical performance at the extremes of lens design: wide apertures and extreme focal lengths. Aspherical surfaces improved performance of wide angle and standard lenses at very wide apertures. Ultra low dispersion and fluorite elements virtually eliminated chromatic aberration at long focal lengths. The earlier versions of these lenses carried "AL", "Aspherical", or "Fluorite" indications on the front of the lens. The post 1979 'New FD' versions acknowledged all the exotic technologies under the single designation "L" (commonly believed to indicate 'luxury' or 'asphericaL'). Canon has continued the "L" designation, and the famous red ring around the lens front, in the current EF and RF autofocus lenses for EOS cameras, where the symbol now officially stands for "Luxury."

The FD series included a number of zoom lenses with close focusing mechanisms, targeted at amateur photographers. The series also included three true macro lenses at 50mm, 100mm, and 200mm. These offered exceptionally close focusing and were corrected for flatness of field at close shooting distances. The 50mm and 100mm were marketed with extension tubes that allowed life size reproduction. The 200mm can reach life size without additional extension.

Canon offered seven specialty lenses for the FD mount. The 35mm 2.8 Tilt Shift lens is a perspective control lens. It may be tilted ±8 degrees for depth of field control, or shifted 11mm for perspective control. Though it uses the breech lock mount, it is not literally an FD lens since its diaphragm is operated manually and it must be used with stop down metering. The 85mm 2.8 Soft Focus lens is designed for portraiture. The photographer may introduce three levels of spherical aberration via a push pull ring. Since aperture also affects the magnitude of the soft focus effect, a wide range of results are possible. The lens may also be used as a standard short telephoto. It offers all FD features. The Reflex 500mm 8 lens is a supertelephoto mirror lens of high optical quality which shares the unique characteristics of all mirror lenses with a central obstruction. Since its aperture is fixed at 8, it lacks FD signals and controls. It must be used in manual or stopped down metering mode. Two other specialty lenses are the fisheyes. Two versions were produced. The 7.5mm 5.6 is a circular fisheye, rendering a 180 degree field of view in a 23mm image circle. It requires manual operation and stopped down metering. The 15mm 2.8 is a full frame fisheye, rendering a 180 degree field of view across the diagonal of the 35mm frame with the considerable barrel distortion of a fisheye lens. It includes all FD features and may be used with automatic exposure. Both lenses include internal filters. The remaining specialty lenses are the 20mm 3.5 and 35mm 2.8 Macrophoto lenses. Similar to microscope objectives, they provide magnifications of 4X 10X and 2X 6X respectively when mounted on the FD Auto Bellows. They can only be used with a bellows, via an FD adapter; while the adapter can mechanically mount them directly to a camera, they cannot function optically. They are not properly FD lenses, but are listed here because they are part of the whole system.

Before the FD mount was obsoleted by the EOS system, Canon built four autofocus lenses. Of these, only the FD 35 70mm f/4 AF was capable of autofocus on all FD cameras. The others, known as AC lenses, offered autofocus only on the T80 camera. The FD 35 70mm f/4 AF contained an entirely independent autofocus system and was among the world's first autofocus zoom lenses (the Pentax ME F was the first ). The autofocus system was activated by a button on the side of the lens, and involved no communication with the camera body. It was reasonably accurate with still subjects, but was too slow to be a practical solution for moving subjects such as sports. Further development produced the AC derivative of the FD mount. Three AC lenses were manufactured, the AC 50mm 1.8, AC 35 70mm 3.5 4.5, and AC 75 200mm 4.5. All were released in April, 1985 alongside the Canon T80 camera, which was the only camera ever manufactured to take advantage of the AC lenses' AF capabilities. The lenses communicated with the T80 via a modified FD mount with added electrical contacts. They lacked an aperture ring, and were therefore usable only in automatic exposure modes. They were otherwise identical to the FD mount and could be manually focused on those FD mount cameras that could control the aperture. The AC line proved to be a dead end development in light of the EF series development, and Canon would abandon the capability in the three remaining FD mount cameras it produced, the New F 1, T90, and T60.

The 42mm flange focal distance of the FD mount is shorter than that of most other lens mounts. Therefore, some lenses from other period cameras with longer flange focal distance can be mounted on Canon FD mount cameras with appropriate adapters and still retain infinity focus. FD lenses can be adapted to other cameras with longer flange focal distances, though the lenses cannot focus to infinity unless the adapter contains an optical correction element which may compromise image quality, as it is not part of the original FD lens optical design. Following the introduction of the EOS camera line, whose EF lens mount has a 44 mm flange focal distance, Canon briefly marketed an adapter which enabled certain FD telephoto lenses to be used on EOS bodies. The adapter contained high quality corrective optics and functioned as a 1.26x tele converter; it could not be used on lenses shorter than 200mm in focal length, nor any lens that interfered with its protruding optics. The adapter was produced in limited numbers, with the intent of easing the initial cost of conversion for professional users who owned expensive FD telephoto lenses. Originally priced at $250, these adapters are now scarce and highly valued, selling for around $1,000 on the second hand market. Other inexpensive aftermarket FD to EOS adapters are available and can be used at the cost of severely reduced image quality, particularly at large apertures. Mechanically skilled photographers and technicians have successfully retrofitted FD lenses with alternative mounts, including the Arri PL mount and Canon EF mount. FD lenses can be mounted on Canon rangefinder cameras or other Leica screw mount cameras using the Canon Lens Mount Adapter B, but rangefinder coupled focusing is lost. FD lenses have been regularly used with the Micro Four Thirds system since its introduction in 2008. It has a flange focal distance of only 20mm and a 2× crop factor, halving the field of view compared to the original 24x36mm film frame. As of 2012, with the introduction of the Canon EOS M mirrorless camera, almost all FD or FL lenses can be successfully adapted with infinity focus available without the need for a compensating lens, thus not compromising resolution, contrast and distortion performance. The EOS M has an 18 megapixel APS C sensor, offering image quality and resolution equivalent to other Canon EF S APS C sized sensors, retaining their 1.6× crop factor. The FD/FL lens must be manually focused and metering is done with aperture priority. FD lenses can also be mounted to current mirrorless digital cameras with short flange focal distance, using simple mechanical adapters without optical correction. FD lenses, especially wide and ultra wide f/2.8, f/2 and f/1.4 variants, have proven popular options for videography for these mirrorless formats.

The FD series includes lenses of all standard focal lengths ranging from 7.5mm to 800mm. At least two different maximum apertures were offered at each focal length from 24mm to 500mm. The original generation of FD lenses featured a silver colored locking ring at the base. Only the locking ring turns to lock the lens to the camera body; the lens body remains stationary. The later New FD lenses have a black mount which includes a lens release button. Note that some lenses listed below were marketed in only one generation. Lenses of identical focal lengths and maximum apertures that spanned both generations, in addition to their altered mounts, were typically smaller and lighter in the New FD generation, and usually used smaller diameter filters.

7.5mm 5.6
7.5mm 5.6 S. S. C.
New Fisheye 7.5mm f/5.6
15mm 2.8 S. S. C.

New Fisheye 15mm f/2.8

New FD 50mm 1.2
New FD 50mm 1.2L
50mm 1.4
50mm 1.4 S. S. C. (I)
50mm 1.4 S. S. C. (II)
New FD 50mm 1.4
50mm 1.8 (I)
50mm 1.8 (II)
50mm 1.8 S. C. (I)
50mm 1.8 S. C. (II)
New FD 50mm 1.8
New FD 50mm 2.0
Macro 50mm 3.5 S. S. C.
New FD 50mm 3.5 Macro
55mm 1.2
55mm 1.2 AL
55mm 1.2 S. S. C.
55mm 1.2 S. S. C. AL
55mm 1.2 S. S. C. Aspherical

Macrophoto Lens 20mm f/2.8
Macrophoto Lens 35mm f/2.8