Жоғары қабаттағы атмосфераны зерттеу жобасы

American high altitude research organization

Perlan Project Inc. is a 501(c)(3) not for profit aeronautical exploration and atmospheric science research organization that utilizes sailplanes (gliders) designed to fly at extremely high altitudes. On 29 August 2006 Steve Fossett and Einar Enevoldson, the pilots of Perlan Mission I, broke the existing altitude record for gliders by soaring up to 50,671 feet (15,460m) in a standard glider using stratospheric waves of air. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale has ratified the altitude record of achieved on 2 September 2018, a substantial improvement over the previous year's best altitude of , which was set on 3 September 2017. These flights used the custom designed and built pressurized high altitude Windward Performance Perlan II glider, sponsored by Airbus. They also collected data about Earth's atmosphere and its ozone layer.

Einar Enevoldson conceived the project in 1992, after seeing the new LIDAR images of standing mountain waves west of Kiruna, Sweden, that Wolfgang Renger of the DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany had posted on his office wall. Enevoldson collected evidence on the location, prevalence, and strength of stratospheric mountain waves during the period 1992 1998. Starting in 1998 Elizabeth Austin expanded the data analysis and put the project on a firm meteorological basis, with the observation that the stratospheric polar night jet was the principal factor enabling the propagation of standing mountain waves high into the middle stratosphere. At this time a small group at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center analysed the flight dynamics and aerodynamics of sailplane flight up to 100,000 feet. In 1999, Steve Fossett heard that Enevoldson was trying to find funding, and immediately asked to join the project. United States Air Force, on the basis of NASA request, loaned the project full pressure suits. A Glaser Dirks DG 500 (DG 505M) motorized glider was modified to remove all engine and related equipment and the space used for storage of liquid oxygen and a large supply of Li SO2 primary batteries. Most of the instruments and electronics were replaced with equipment suitable for the extreme altitudes that the sailplane would encounter. Duncan Cummings, of San Pedro, California, built special, lightweight, efficient, reliable faceplate heat controllers. Butler Parachute Company built special high altitude stabilized parachutes. Enevoldson and Fossett flew the sailplane from California City for shakedown and preliminary high altitude flights in the Sierra Nevadas of California, reaching over 42,000 feet in Spring 2002. In Summer 2002, the sailplane was shipped to Omarama, New Zealand, where it flew during three winters without reaching the stratosphere. The timing was too early in the season. Perlan Mission I was designed to prove Enevoldson's thesis by actually flying into and climbing these stratospheric mountain waves. In 2005, the sailplane was shipped to El Calafate, Argentina, a small town at 50° south latitude. Five attempts in a three week period, none in favorable weather conditions, were unsuccessful. In 2006, the forecast offered very favorable conditions on 28 August but at 33,000 feet, in a strong climb, Steve Fossett's pressure suit inflated prematurely and excessively, and the flight was aborted. The next day, on 29 August, after one of the pressure suit regulators had been changed, the weather conditions were still favorable, the team made another attempt. After a four hour climb, Enevoldson and Fossett reached the record altitude of 50,671 feet (15,460m), validating the concept. Because the record flight of 29 August 2006 proved Enevoldson's thesis, Steve Fossett agreed to fund, progressively, the next mission: to build a special purpose sailplane with a pressurized cabin to fly to 90,000 feet. At the time of Steve's death on 3 September 2007, the structural and aerodynamic design of the fuselage had been completed, along with the aerodynamic design of the entire sailplane. Funding for the remainder of the Perlan Project was lost with Steve's death, and a search for new funding was begun.

After Fossett's death in 2007, it appeared for a time that the mission was on permanent hiatus. However, a new team gradually reassembled around Enevoldson and partial funding was secured thanks to commitments from partners in the United States and Australia. Einar Enevoldson reported in September 2008, that Morgan Sandercock, an experienced sailplane pilot from Australia, had provided funds to restart the project. This funding was put to completing the fuselage with pressure cabin and do the structural tests on it, but additional funds were needed to complete the aircraft. In June 2010, Dennis Tito joined the mission as a pilot and major funder, which enabled significant progress towards the completion of the aircraft. That same year Jim Payne, holder of numerous world soaring records, joined the project as chief pilot. A great deal of design work has been done by Greg Cole of Windward Performance to show that a sailplane for 90,000 feet is relatively straightforward, while 100,000 feet is possible, although more difficult and expensive. Windward Performance would build the sailplane of high performance pre preg in production quality tooling. The sailplane required relatively high end design, analysis, and construction to be flutter safe at very high true air speeds, and strong enough for the potentially heavy turbulence that could be encountered at 90,000 feet. It must also have well proven, fail safe pressurization and cabin air re cycling systems. In 2014, Airbus agreed to become the title sponsor, and provide sufficient funding for completion of the aircraft, flight testing and the altitude flights. The mission as renamed the Airbus Perlan Mission II. RDD Enterprises, an aviation research, design and development company based in Redmond, Oregon, took over the manufacture of the Perlan 2.

The aircraft was completed in the summer of 2015, with first flight scheduled for 7 September. Windy conditions that day prevented the flight, which finally occurred on 23 September. Flight testing will start and continue in Minden, NV in fall and winter of 2015, using a new hangar donated by Tito. The first attempts to reach 90,000 feet will be launched from El Calafate, Argentina, deep in the south of Patagonia, in the Southern Hemisphere soon afterwards in summer of 2016. Jim Payne (USA) and Morgan Sandercock (Australia) set a new altitude record of 15,902 metres (52,172 feet) from Comandante Armando Tola International Airport in El Calafate, Argentina. The flight took place on 3 September 2017

The 2018 season was again based at El Calafate. The project acquired a Grob G 520 Egrett turboprop aircraft for use as a tow plane. This enabled Perlan II to be towed to This seems to be the highest glider tow, as records are not registered. On 26 August 2018 Jim Payne and Morgan Sandercock reached an altitude of This was followed by with Jim Payne and Miguel Iturmendi on 28 August 2018. Previous records were measured with pressure altitude; high altitude soaring records now require GPS data.