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Measurement of sound permeability
Sound Transmission Class (or STC) is an integer rating of how well a building partition attenuates airborne sound. In the US, it is widely used to rate interior partitions, ceilings, floors, doors, windows and exterior wall configurations. Outside the US, the ISO Sound Reduction Index (SRI) is used. The STC rating very roughly reflects the decibel reduction of noise that a partition can provide. The STC is useful for evaluating annoyance due to speech sounds, but not music or machinery noise as these sources contain more low frequency energy than speech. There are many ways to improve the sound transmission class of a partition, though the two most basic principles are adding mass and increasing the overall thickness. In general, the sound transmission class of a double wythe wall (e. g. two 4" thick block walls separated by a 2" airspace) is greater than a single wall of equivalent mass (e. g. homogeneous 8" block wall).

The STC or sound transmission class is a single number method of rating how well wall partitions reduce sound transmission. The STC provides a standardized way to compare products such as doors and windows made by competing manufacturers. A higher number indicates more effective sound insulation than a lower number. The STC is a standardized rating provided by ASTM E413 based on laboratory measurements performed in accordance with ASRM E90. ASTM E413 can also be used to determine similar ratings from field measurements performed in accordance with ASTM E336. Sound Isolation and Sound Insulation are used interchangeably, though the term "Insulation" is preferred outside the US. The term "sound proofing" is typically avoided in architectural acoustics as it is a misnomer and connotes inaudibility.

Through research, acousticians have developed tables that pair a given STC rating with a subjective experience. The table below is used to determine the degree of sound isolation provided by typical multi family construction. Generally, a difference of one or two STC points between similar constructions is subjectively insignificant. + STCs by audio distinguishability STC What can be heard 25 Normal speech can be understood 30 Loud speech can be understood 35 Loud speech audible but not intelligible 40 Loud speech audible as a murmur 45 Loud speech heard but not audible 50 Loud sounds faintly heard 60+ Good soundproofing; most sounds do not disturb neighboring residents. Tables like the one above are highly dependent on the background noise levels in the receiving room: the louder the background noise, the greater the perceived sound isolation.

Prior to the STC rating, the sound isolation performance of a partition was measured and reported as the average transmission loss of over the frequency range 128 to 4096 Hz or 256 to 1021 Hz. This method is valuable at comparing homogeneous partitions that follow the mass law, but can be misleading when comparing complex or multi leaf walls. In 1961, the ASTM International Standards Organization adopted E90 61T, which served as the basis for the STC method used today. The STC standard curve is based on European studies of multi family residential construction, and closely resembles the sound isolation performance of a 9" thick brick wall.

The STC number is derived from sound attenuation values tested at sixteen standard frequencies from 125 Hz to 4000 Hz. These Transmission Loss values are then plotted on a sound pressure level graph and the resulting curve is compared to a standard reference contour provided by the ASTM. Sound isolation metrics, such as the STC, are measured in specially isolated and designed laboratory test chambers. There are nearly infinite field conditions that will affect sound isolation on site when designing building partitions and enclosures.

Sound travels through both the air and structure, and both paths must be considered when designing sound isolating walls and ceilings. To eliminate air borne sound all air paths between the areas must be eliminated. This is achieved by making seams airtight and closing all sound leaks. To eliminate structure borne noise one must create isolation systems that reduce mechanical connections between those structures.

Adding mass to a partition reduces the transmission of sound. This is often achieved by adding additional layers of gypsum. It is preferable to have non symmetrical leaves, for example with different thickness gypsum. The effect of adding multiple layers of gypsum wallboard to a frame also varies depending on the framing type and configuration. Doubling the mass of a partition does not double the STC, as the STC is calculated from a non linear decibel sound transmission loss measurement. So, whereas installing an additional layer of gypsum wallboard to a light gauge (25 ga. or lighter) steel stud partition will result in about a 5 STC point increase, doing the same on single wood or single heavy gauge steel will result in only 2 to 3 additional STC points. However the additional weight, added complexity of construction, and poor thermal insulation tend to limit masonry wall partitions as a viable sound isolation solution in many building construction projects. In recent years, gypsum board manufacturers have started to offer lightweight drywall board: Normal weight gypsum has a nominal density of 43pcf and lightweight drywall has a nominal density of 36pcf. This does not have a large effect on the STC rating, though lightweight gypsum can significantly degrade the low frequency performance of a partition as compared to normal weight gypsum.

Sound absorption entails turning acoustical energy into some other form of energy, usually heat. Adding absorptive materials to the interior surfaces of rooms, for example fabric faced fiberglass panels and thick curtains, will result in a decrease of reverberated sound energy within the room. However, absorptive interior surface treatments of this kind do not significantly improve the sound transmission class. Installing absorptive insulation, for example fiberglass batts and blow in cellulose, into the wall or ceiling cavities does increase the sound transmission class significantly. When two leaves are rigidly tied or coupled by a stud, the sound isolation of the system depends on the stiffness of the stud. Light gauge (25 gauge or lighter) provides better sound isolation than 16 20 gauge steel, and noticeably better performance than wood studs. When heavy gauge steel or wood studs are spaced 16" on center, additional resonances form which further lower the sound isolation performance of a partition. For typical gypsum stud walls, this resonance occurs in the 100–160 Hz region and is thought to be a hybrid of the mass air mass resonance and a bending mode resonance caused when a plate is closely supported by stiff members. Single metal stud partitions are more effective than single wood stud partitions, and have been shown to increase the STC rating by up to 10 points. However, there is little difference between metal and wood studs when used in double stud partitions. Damping generally increases the sound isolation of partitions, particularly at mid and high frequencies. Damping is also used to improve the sound isolation performance of glazing assemblies. Laminated glazing, which consists of a Polyvinyl butyral (or PVB) inter layer, performs better acoustically than a non laminated glass of equivalent thickness.

All holes and gaps should be filled and the enclosure hermetically sealed for sound isolation to be effective. The table below illustrates sound proofing test results from a wall partition that has a theoretical maximum loss of 40 dB from one room to the next and a partition area of 10 meters squared. Even small open gaps and holes in the partition have a disproportionate reduction in sound proofing. A 5% opening in the partition, which offers unrestricted sound transmission from one room to the next, caused the transmission loss to reduce from 40 dB to 13 dB. A 0.1% open area will reduce the transmission loss from 40 dB to 30 dB, which is typical of walls where caulking has not been applied effectively Partitions that are inadequately sealed and contain back to back electrical boxes, untreated recessed lighting and unsealed pipes offer flanking paths for sound and significant leakage. Acoustic joint tapes and caulking have been used to improve sound isolation since the early 1930s. Although the applications of tapes was largely limited to defense and industrial applications such as naval vessels and aircraft in the past, recent research has proven the effectiveness of sealing gaps and thereby improving the sound isolation performance of a partition. + Sound diminution by percentage openness of barrier Transmission loss % of area open 13 dB 5% open 17 dB 2% open 20 dB 1% open 23 dB 0.5% open 27 dB 0.2% open 30 dB 0.1% open 33 dB 0.05% open 37 dB 0.02% open 39.5 dB Practical maximum loss 40 dB Theoretical maximum loss

Building codes typically allow for a 5 point tolerance between the lab tested and field measured STC rating; however, studies have shown that even in well built and sealed installations the difference between the lab and field rating is highly dependent on the type of assembly.

By nature, the STC rating is derived from lab testing under ideal conditions. There are other versions of the STC rating to account for real world conditions.

The net sound isolation performance of a partition containing multiple sound isolating elements such as doors, windows, etc.

The sound isolation performance of a partition measured in the field according to ASTM E336, normalized to account for different room finishes and the area of the tested partition (i. e. compare the same wall measured in a bare living room and an acoustically dry recording booth).

The sound isolation performance of a partition measured in the field according to ASTM E336, normalized to account for the reverberation time in the room.

The sound isolation performance of a partition measured in the field according to ASTM E336, not normalized to the room conditions of the test.

The sound isolation performance of a specific elements in a partition, as measured in the field and achieved by suppressing the effects of sound flanking paths. This can be useful for measuring walls with doors, when you are interested in removing the influence of the door on the measured field STC. The FSTC testing method was historically prescribed by ASTM E336, however the latest version of this standard does not include FSTC.

The sound isolation performance of doors when measured according to ASTM E2964.

Section 1206 of International Building Code 2021 states that separation between dwelling units and public and service areas must achieve STC 50 where tested in accordance with ASTM E90, or NNIC 45 if field tested in accordance with ASTM E336. However, not all jurisdictions use the IBC for their building or municipal code.

The Outdoor–Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) is a standard used for indicating the rate of sound transmission from outdoor noise sources into a building. It is based on the ASTM E 1332 Standard Classification for Rating Outdoor Indoor Sound Attenuation. Unlike the STC, which is based on a noise spectrum targeting speech sounds, OITC uses a source noise spectrum that considers frequencies down to 80 Hz (aircraft/rail/truck traffic) and is weighted more to lower frequencies. The OITC value is typically used to rate, evaluate, and select exterior glazing assemblies.