Анголаның «Сонангол» компаниясы: Тарихы мен трансформациясы

Angolan energy company

Group Sonangol (Grupo Sonangol) is a parastatal that formerly oversaw petroleum and natural gas production in Angola. The group consisted of Sonangol E. P. (Sociedade Nacional de Combustíveis de Angola, E. P.) and its many subsidiaries. The subsidiaries generally had Sonangol E. P. as a primary client, along with other corporate, commercial, and individual clients. Angola is estimated to have over of offshore and coastal petroleum reserves, and new discoveries are outpacing consumption by a 5 to 1 ratio. In February 2019, the government transferred the industry regulation functions of Sonangol to a new government agency, the National Oil, Gas and Biofuel Agency (ANPG). The ANPG also gained from Sonangol the right to award fossil fuel exploration, development, and production contracts.

On the eve of Portuguese Angola's independence from Portugal following the Carnation Revolution and the election of a democratic government in Portugal in 1976, the company ANGOL (ANGOL Sociedade de Lubrificantes e Combustíveis Sarl), founded in 1953 as a subsidiary of Portuguese company SACOR) was nationalized and split in two, forming Sonangol U. E. E. and Direcção Nacional de Petróleos. Directive 52/76 instituted Sonangol as a state owned company with a mandate to manage the country's substantial petroleum and natural gas. Using the extant remains of Texaco, Total, Shell and Mobil's oil works, Sonangol obtained the assistance of Algerian Sonatrach and of Italian Eni. Oil giant Marathon Oil announced in September 2013 that it had agreed a deal in principle to sell a 10% stake in its offshore Angolan oilfield to Sonangol. In December 2013, Sonangol acquired the exploration rights to five onshore oil blocks in Angola, which could be tendered for development at a later date. In June 2016, president José Eduardo dos Santos removed the entire board of Sonangol, and installed Isabel dos Santos as chairwoman of the company, to "ensure transparency and apply global corporate governance standards". This led to many accusations of corruption and nepotism. However, in November 15, 2017, the new president of Angola João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço dismissed Isabel dos Santos and named Carlos Saturnino Guerra Sousa e Oliveira as the Sonangol chairman. An internal audit later revealed that after she had been dismissed, dos Santos transferred US$38 million of the company's funds to a suspicious Dubai based company. In February 2019, a new government agency, the National Oil, Gas and Biofuel Agency (ANPG) took over regulation and promotion of the Angolan petroleum industry from Sonangol. ANPG was given the power to supervise Sonangol, and became the new National Concessionaire. In this regard, ANPG now controls who wins licenses to explore for petroleum, and awards contracts for production. Sonangol sold in Puma Energy, an energy trading firm, to Trafigura in April 2021 for $600 million. Sonagol also purchased Puma's assets in Angola for $600 million. The assets included the Puamngol chain of gasoline stations, and several airport and marine terminals. In 2021, the company's revenues had increased by 38%, placing turnovers at US$8.5bn for the year compared to the US$6.1bn from the previous year. Sonangol employs 13,000 employees.

In December 2011, Human Rights Watch said that the Government of Angola should explain the whereabouts of US$32 billion missing from government funds linked to Sonangol. A December 2011 report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that the government funds were spent or transferred from 2007 through 2010 without being properly documented in the budget. The IMF was assured that most of $32 billion was being used for legitimate government reasons and considered to be "found".

Sonangol USA, Sonangol London, and Sonangol Asia are the main trading and operations offices for the crude and product cargoes sold on behalf of Sonangol E. P. Sonangol Starfish has been located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, since 22 March 2010.