Кіріспе
Чарльз Полк-младший (15 қараша 1788 – 27 қазан 1857) – американдық саясаткер және фермер, Делавэр штатының Кент округіндегі Милфорд жүздігіндегі Биг Стоун Бичтен шыққан. Ол федералист партиясының, содан кейін виг партиясының мүшесі болды, Делавэр штатының Бас ассамблеясында қызмет етті және екі рет Делавэр губернаторы болды.
American politician
Charles Polk Jr. (November 15, 1788 – October 27, 1857) was an American farmer and politician from Big Stone Beach, in Milford Hundred, Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, and later the Whig Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and twice as governor of Delaware.
Charles Polk Jr. (November 15, 1788 – October 27, 1857) was an American farmer and politician from Big Stone Beach, in Milford Hundred, Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, and later the Whig Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and twice as governor of Delaware.
Ерте өмір және білім
Полк Делавэр штатының Бриджвилл қаласының жанында Чарльз мен Мэри Манлов Полктың ұлы болып дүниеге келді. Полк отбасы бастапқыда Шотландиядан шыққан, ал АҚШ президенті Джеймс К. Полк оның алыс туысы болған. Роберт Полк 1660 жылы Мэриленд провинциясының Сомерсет округіне қоныстанды, ал Делавэр отбасы одан тараған. Чарльз Полк аға 1777 жылы полковник Дэвид Холлдың полкында қызмет еткен Америка революциясының қатысушысы болды. Ол Бриджвилл аймағында ірі жер иесі болды, сегіз жыл штаттық палатада қызмет етті және 1792 жылғы Делавэр конституциялық конвенциясының мүшесі болды. 1795 жылы әкесі қайтыс болғаннан кейін Чарльз Кенже Пенсильвания штатының Честер округіндегі Весттаун пансионатына оқуға түсті, содан кейін Кензи Джонс ағамен заңды оқыды, бірақ оны тәжірибе етпеді. 1812 жылға қарай ол Бриджвилл, Делавэр қаласының жанындағы "Намыс пен шанышқы" тавернасының иесі болды.
Polk was born near Bridgeville, Delaware, son of Charles and Mary Manlove Polk. The Polk family originally came from Scotland and U. S. President James K. Polk was a distant cousin. Robert Polk settled in Somerset County, in the Province of Maryland, in 1660 and the Delaware family descended from him. Charles Polk Sr. was a veteran of the American Revolution, serving in Colonel David Hall's regiment in 1777. He was a large landowner in the Bridgeville area, served eight years in the State House, and was a member of the Delaware Constitutional Convention of 1792. After his father's death in 1795, Charles Jr. attended Westtown Boarding School in Chester County, Pennsylvania, and then studied law with Kensey Johns Sr., but never practiced. By 1812, he was the owner of the Knife and Fork Tavern near Bridgeville, Delaware.
Саяси мансап
Полк Кент және Сассекс округтерінде басым партия болған Федералист партиясының мүшесі болды, бірақ Нью-Касл округіндегі партияның күшіне байланысты Демократиялық-Республикалық партия штаты бойынша оның танымалдығымен шайқасты. Нәтижесінде, штаттық сайлаулар көбінесе тартысты және қиын өтті. Делавэр елдегі тиімді Федералист партиясы бар соңғы штат болды, ол басқа жерлерде дерлік жойылды. 1827 жылы ескі Джефферсон Демократиялық-Республикалық партиясының мүшелері Джексондық, немесе Демократиялық фракцияға, немесе Адамс/Клей фракциясына бөлінді, олар бастапқыда Ұлттық Республикашылар, ал кейін Вигтер деп аталды. Делавэрде көп болған қалған Федералистер де солай істеді. Полк және Делавэрдегі Федералистердің көпшілігі Адамс/Клей фракциясына қосылды және Делавэр саясатында Ұлттық Республикашыл, содан кейін Виг үстемдігін бастады. Федералистер сияқты, Вигтер де Кент және Сассекс округтерінде ерекше күшті болды, бірақ Нью-Каслдегі жаңа Демократиялық партияның көпшілігімен теңестірілді. Солтүстік және оңтүстік округтер арасындағы бәсеке бұрынғыдай жалғасты, тек жаңа атаулармен. Полк алғаш рет Сассекс округін өкілдік етті және 1814 және 1815 жылдардағы сессияларда штаттық палатада екі мерзім қызмет етті. Кент округіне көшіп келгеннен кейін ол қайтадан штаттық палатаға сайланды, бұл жолы Кент округінен. Ол 1818 және 1824 жылдары тағы екі мерзім қызмет етті. 1819 жылы Полк Кент округінің салық сотына сайланды. 1824 жылы ол штаттық сенатқа сайланды және 1825, 1826 және 1827 жылдардағы сессияларды қоса алғанда бір мерзім қызмет етті. Ол 1826 жылғы сессияның спикері болды. 1826 жылы Федералист партиясы Полкты губернаторлыққа кандидат ретінде таңдады, және қызу науқаннан кейін ол Демократиялық-Республикалық кандидат Дэвид Хаззардты аз айырмамен жеңіп сайланды. Ол 16 қаңтар 1827 жылдан 19 қаңтар 1830 жылға дейін Делавэр губернаторы болып бір мерзім қызмет етті. 1829 жылы штат бойынша әрбір жүзде мектеп ауданын құруды талап ететін заң қабылданды, әрбір оқушыдан екі шақырым қашықтықта шағын мектептер орналастырылды. Бұл орта білім беруді жақсартуға бағытталған амбициялық және шығармашылық жоспар болды, оны қазіргі кезде Делавэр штатының АҚШ округінің судьясы Уиллард Холл әзірледі және ілгерілетуге ұсынды. Мемлекеттік қаржыландыру болды, бірақ жергілікті билік оны толықтырады деп күтілді. Көптеген жерлерде бұл істелмеді. Полк билік еткен кезде топырақтың тозуына байланысты ауыл шаруашылығы өнімділігінің төмендеуі үлкен алаңдаушылық тудырды. Бұл мәселені шешу үшін Делавэр штатының Бас Ассамблеясы Филадельфиядағы Франклин институтының сарапшысын жалдады, ол тыңайтқыштарды қолдану туралы көптеген пайдалы кеңестер берді. Сонымен бірге, Чесапик және Делавэр каналының құрылысы басталды, және Нью-Касл округінің кейбір шаруалары каналды қазу кезінде алынған марль олардың топырағын байытатынын түсінді. Осы топырақты пайдаланып, Делавэр қаласының жанында алғашқы шабдалы ағаштары отырғызылды. Өкінішке орай, көптеген адамдар проблеманың себебі басқа жерде деп ойлады. Бұл ойды бейнелей отырып, Полк 1837 жылы губернатор болып тұрғанда, мәселенің себебін жеткіліксіз еңбекпен байланыстырды, мәселенің "мемлекеттің азап шеккен түсті халқының жағдайында" екенін айтты, олар "жауапсыз, заңсыз және бақытсыз, мекені жоқ, қаладан ауылға көшіп-қонып жүретін тайпа". Ол және басқалар көптеген бос африкалық американдықтарды уайымдады және мәселені тікелей шешудің орнына олардың Делавэрге кіруін шектеуді көздеді.
Polk was a member of the Federalist Party, which was the majority party in Kent and Sussex County, but was nearly matched in popularity statewide by the Democratic Republican Party because of that party's strength in New Castle County. As a result, statewide elections were usually close and hard fought. Delaware was the last state in the country to have an effective Federalist Party, it having virtually disappeared everywhere else. By 1827 members of the old Jeffersonian Democratic Republican Party had split into a Jacksonian, or Democratic faction or an Adams/Clay faction, known initially as the National Republicans, and later as Whigs. The remaining Federalists, which were many in Delaware, did likewise. Polk and most of the Federalists in Delaware joined the Adams/Clay faction, and began a National Republican, then Whig ascendancy in Delaware politics. Like the Federalists, the Whigs were especially strong in Kent and Sussex County, but were nearly matched by the new Democratic Party majority in New Castle. The upstate /downstate competition continued as before, just under new names. Polk first represented Sussex County, and served two terms in the State House in the 1814 and 1815 sessions. After moving to Kent County he was elected to the State House again, this time from Kent County. He served two more terms in the 1818 and 1824 sessions. Polk was also elected to the Kent County Levy Court in 1819. In 1824 he was elected to the State Senate and served one term including the 1825, 1826 and 1827 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1826 session. In 1826, the Federalist Party selected Polk as their candidate for governor, and after a hard fought campaign, he was elected, narrowly defeating the Democratic Republican candidate, David Hazzard. He served one term as governor of Delaware from January 16, 1827, to January 19, 1830. Legislation was passed in 1829 that called for the creation of school districts in each hundred throughout the state, with small schools placed within two miles of every student. This was an ambitious and creative plan to improve secondary education developed and promoted by Willard Hall, now the United States district judge for Delaware. There was some state funding, but the expectation was the localities would supplement it. Many did not. During Polk's term declining agricultural yields due to worn out soil were a matter of great concern. To address the concern, the Delaware General Assembly hired an expert from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, who provided a good deal of helpful advice on the use of fertilizers. As it happened, the construction of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was beginning, and some farmers in New Castle County realized the marl obtained from the dredging would enrich their soil. Using this soil, the first peach trees were planted near Delaware City. Regrettably, many thought the problem lay elsewhere. No doubt, reflecting this thinking Polk, as governor in 1837, blamed the problem on inadequate labor, saying the problem lay with "the wretched condition of the colored population which infests the state irresponsible, lawless, and miserable a migratory tribe without fixed abode, alternatively roving from city to country." He and others were concerned about the large number of free African Americans and rather than addressing the issue directly, sought to restrict their entry into Delaware. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker182751stFederalistHenry WhiteleyFederalistArchibald Hamilton182852ndFederalistPresley SpruanceFederalistWilliam W. Morris182953rdNational RepublicanPresley SpruanceNational RepublicanWilliam W. MorrisJohn Raymond1835–183658thWhigvacantWhigWilliam D. Waples
Делавэр Бас Ассамблеясы (губернатор болып тұрған кездегі сессиялар)
Polk was a member of the Federalist Party, which was the majority party in Kent and Sussex County, but was nearly matched in popularity statewide by the Democratic Republican Party because of that party's strength in New Castle County. As a result, statewide elections were usually close and hard fought. Delaware was the last state in the country to have an effective Federalist Party, it having virtually disappeared everywhere else. By 1827 members of the old Jeffersonian Democratic Republican Party had split into a Jacksonian, or Democratic faction or an Adams/Clay faction, known initially as the National Republicans, and later as Whigs. The remaining Federalists, which were many in Delaware, did likewise. Polk and most of the Federalists in Delaware joined the Adams/Clay faction, and began a National Republican, then Whig ascendancy in Delaware politics. Like the Federalists, the Whigs were especially strong in Kent and Sussex County, but were nearly matched by the new Democratic Party majority in New Castle. The upstate /downstate competition continued as before, just under new names. Polk first represented Sussex County, and served two terms in the State House in the 1814 and 1815 sessions. After moving to Kent County he was elected to the State House again, this time from Kent County. He served two more terms in the 1818 and 1824 sessions. Polk was also elected to the Kent County Levy Court in 1819. In 1824 he was elected to the State Senate and served one term including the 1825, 1826 and 1827 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1826 session. In 1826, the Federalist Party selected Polk as their candidate for governor, and after a hard fought campaign, he was elected, narrowly defeating the Democratic Republican candidate, David Hazzard. He served one term as governor of Delaware from January 16, 1827, to January 19, 1830. Legislation was passed in 1829 that called for the creation of school districts in each hundred throughout the state, with small schools placed within two miles of every student. This was an ambitious and creative plan to improve secondary education developed and promoted by Willard Hall, now the United States district judge for Delaware. There was some state funding, but the expectation was the localities would supplement it. Many did not. During Polk's term declining agricultural yields due to worn out soil were a matter of great concern. To address the concern, the Delaware General Assembly hired an expert from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, who provided a good deal of helpful advice on the use of fertilizers. As it happened, the construction of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was beginning, and some farmers in New Castle County realized the marl obtained from the dredging would enrich their soil. Using this soil, the first peach trees were planted near Delaware City. Regrettably, many thought the problem lay elsewhere. No doubt, reflecting this thinking Polk, as governor in 1837, blamed the problem on inadequate labor, saying the problem lay with "the wretched condition of the colored population which infests the state irresponsible, lawless, and miserable a migratory tribe without fixed abode, alternatively roving from city to country." He and others were concerned about the large number of free African Americans and rather than addressing the issue directly, sought to restrict their entry into Delaware. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker182751stFederalistHenry WhiteleyFederalistArchibald Hamilton182852ndFederalistPresley SpruanceFederalistWilliam W. Morris182953rdNational RepublicanPresley SpruanceNational RepublicanWilliam W. MorrisJohn Raymond1835–183658thWhigvacantWhigWilliam D. Waples
Жыл Ассамблея Сенаттың көпшілігі Спикері Үйдің көпшілігі Спикері
Polk was a member of the Federalist Party, which was the majority party in Kent and Sussex County, but was nearly matched in popularity statewide by the Democratic Republican Party because of that party's strength in New Castle County. As a result, statewide elections were usually close and hard fought. Delaware was the last state in the country to have an effective Federalist Party, it having virtually disappeared everywhere else. By 1827 members of the old Jeffersonian Democratic Republican Party had split into a Jacksonian, or Democratic faction or an Adams/Clay faction, known initially as the National Republicans, and later as Whigs. The remaining Federalists, which were many in Delaware, did likewise. Polk and most of the Federalists in Delaware joined the Adams/Clay faction, and began a National Republican, then Whig ascendancy in Delaware politics. Like the Federalists, the Whigs were especially strong in Kent and Sussex County, but were nearly matched by the new Democratic Party majority in New Castle. The upstate /downstate competition continued as before, just under new names. Polk first represented Sussex County, and served two terms in the State House in the 1814 and 1815 sessions. After moving to Kent County he was elected to the State House again, this time from Kent County. He served two more terms in the 1818 and 1824 sessions. Polk was also elected to the Kent County Levy Court in 1819. In 1824 he was elected to the State Senate and served one term including the 1825, 1826 and 1827 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1826 session. In 1826, the Federalist Party selected Polk as their candidate for governor, and after a hard fought campaign, he was elected, narrowly defeating the Democratic Republican candidate, David Hazzard. He served one term as governor of Delaware from January 16, 1827, to January 19, 1830. Legislation was passed in 1829 that called for the creation of school districts in each hundred throughout the state, with small schools placed within two miles of every student. This was an ambitious and creative plan to improve secondary education developed and promoted by Willard Hall, now the United States district judge for Delaware. There was some state funding, but the expectation was the localities would supplement it. Many did not. During Polk's term declining agricultural yields due to worn out soil were a matter of great concern. To address the concern, the Delaware General Assembly hired an expert from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, who provided a good deal of helpful advice on the use of fertilizers. As it happened, the construction of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was beginning, and some farmers in New Castle County realized the marl obtained from the dredging would enrich their soil. Using this soil, the first peach trees were planted near Delaware City. Regrettably, many thought the problem lay elsewhere. No doubt, reflecting this thinking Polk, as governor in 1837, blamed the problem on inadequate labor, saying the problem lay with "the wretched condition of the colored population which infests the state irresponsible, lawless, and miserable a migratory tribe without fixed abode, alternatively roving from city to country." He and others were concerned about the large number of free African Americans and rather than addressing the issue directly, sought to restrict their entry into Delaware. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker182751stFederalistHenry WhiteleyFederalistArchibald Hamilton182852ndFederalistPresley SpruanceFederalistWilliam W. Morris182953rdNational RepublicanPresley SpruanceNational RepublicanWilliam W. MorrisJohn Raymond1835–183658thWhigvacantWhigWilliam D. Waples
1827 51-ші Федералист Генри Уайтли Федералист Арчибальд Гамильтон
Polk was a member of the Federalist Party, which was the majority party in Kent and Sussex County, but was nearly matched in popularity statewide by the Democratic Republican Party because of that party's strength in New Castle County. As a result, statewide elections were usually close and hard fought. Delaware was the last state in the country to have an effective Federalist Party, it having virtually disappeared everywhere else. By 1827 members of the old Jeffersonian Democratic Republican Party had split into a Jacksonian, or Democratic faction or an Adams/Clay faction, known initially as the National Republicans, and later as Whigs. The remaining Federalists, which were many in Delaware, did likewise. Polk and most of the Federalists in Delaware joined the Adams/Clay faction, and began a National Republican, then Whig ascendancy in Delaware politics. Like the Federalists, the Whigs were especially strong in Kent and Sussex County, but were nearly matched by the new Democratic Party majority in New Castle. The upstate /downstate competition continued as before, just under new names. Polk first represented Sussex County, and served two terms in the State House in the 1814 and 1815 sessions. After moving to Kent County he was elected to the State House again, this time from Kent County. He served two more terms in the 1818 and 1824 sessions. Polk was also elected to the Kent County Levy Court in 1819. In 1824 he was elected to the State Senate and served one term including the 1825, 1826 and 1827 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1826 session. In 1826, the Federalist Party selected Polk as their candidate for governor, and after a hard fought campaign, he was elected, narrowly defeating the Democratic Republican candidate, David Hazzard. He served one term as governor of Delaware from January 16, 1827, to January 19, 1830. Legislation was passed in 1829 that called for the creation of school districts in each hundred throughout the state, with small schools placed within two miles of every student. This was an ambitious and creative plan to improve secondary education developed and promoted by Willard Hall, now the United States district judge for Delaware. There was some state funding, but the expectation was the localities would supplement it. Many did not. During Polk's term declining agricultural yields due to worn out soil were a matter of great concern. To address the concern, the Delaware General Assembly hired an expert from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, who provided a good deal of helpful advice on the use of fertilizers. As it happened, the construction of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was beginning, and some farmers in New Castle County realized the marl obtained from the dredging would enrich their soil. Using this soil, the first peach trees were planted near Delaware City. Regrettably, many thought the problem lay elsewhere. No doubt, reflecting this thinking Polk, as governor in 1837, blamed the problem on inadequate labor, saying the problem lay with "the wretched condition of the colored population which infests the state irresponsible, lawless, and miserable a migratory tribe without fixed abode, alternatively roving from city to country." He and others were concerned about the large number of free African Americans and rather than addressing the issue directly, sought to restrict their entry into Delaware. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker182751stFederalistHenry WhiteleyFederalistArchibald Hamilton182852ndFederalistPresley SpruanceFederalistWilliam W. Morris182953rdNational RepublicanPresley SpruanceNational RepublicanWilliam W. MorrisJohn Raymond1835–183658thWhigvacantWhigWilliam D. Waples
1828 52-ші Федералист Пресли Спраунс Федералист Уильям У. Моррис
Polk was a member of the Federalist Party, which was the majority party in Kent and Sussex County, but was nearly matched in popularity statewide by the Democratic Republican Party because of that party's strength in New Castle County. As a result, statewide elections were usually close and hard fought. Delaware was the last state in the country to have an effective Federalist Party, it having virtually disappeared everywhere else. By 1827 members of the old Jeffersonian Democratic Republican Party had split into a Jacksonian, or Democratic faction or an Adams/Clay faction, known initially as the National Republicans, and later as Whigs. The remaining Federalists, which were many in Delaware, did likewise. Polk and most of the Federalists in Delaware joined the Adams/Clay faction, and began a National Republican, then Whig ascendancy in Delaware politics. Like the Federalists, the Whigs were especially strong in Kent and Sussex County, but were nearly matched by the new Democratic Party majority in New Castle. The upstate /downstate competition continued as before, just under new names. Polk first represented Sussex County, and served two terms in the State House in the 1814 and 1815 sessions. After moving to Kent County he was elected to the State House again, this time from Kent County. He served two more terms in the 1818 and 1824 sessions. Polk was also elected to the Kent County Levy Court in 1819. In 1824 he was elected to the State Senate and served one term including the 1825, 1826 and 1827 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1826 session. In 1826, the Federalist Party selected Polk as their candidate for governor, and after a hard fought campaign, he was elected, narrowly defeating the Democratic Republican candidate, David Hazzard. He served one term as governor of Delaware from January 16, 1827, to January 19, 1830. Legislation was passed in 1829 that called for the creation of school districts in each hundred throughout the state, with small schools placed within two miles of every student. This was an ambitious and creative plan to improve secondary education developed and promoted by Willard Hall, now the United States district judge for Delaware. There was some state funding, but the expectation was the localities would supplement it. Many did not. During Polk's term declining agricultural yields due to worn out soil were a matter of great concern. To address the concern, the Delaware General Assembly hired an expert from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, who provided a good deal of helpful advice on the use of fertilizers. As it happened, the construction of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was beginning, and some farmers in New Castle County realized the marl obtained from the dredging would enrich their soil. Using this soil, the first peach trees were planted near Delaware City. Regrettably, many thought the problem lay elsewhere. No doubt, reflecting this thinking Polk, as governor in 1837, blamed the problem on inadequate labor, saying the problem lay with "the wretched condition of the colored population which infests the state irresponsible, lawless, and miserable a migratory tribe without fixed abode, alternatively roving from city to country." He and others were concerned about the large number of free African Americans and rather than addressing the issue directly, sought to restrict their entry into Delaware. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker182751stFederalistHenry WhiteleyFederalistArchibald Hamilton182852ndFederalistPresley SpruanceFederalistWilliam W. Morris182953rdNational RepublicanPresley SpruanceNational RepublicanWilliam W. MorrisJohn Raymond1835–183658thWhigvacantWhigWilliam D. Waples
1829 53-ші Ұлттық Республикашыл Пресли Спраунс Ұлттық Республикашыл Уильям У. Моррис Джон Реймонд
Polk was a member of the Federalist Party, which was the majority party in Kent and Sussex County, but was nearly matched in popularity statewide by the Democratic Republican Party because of that party's strength in New Castle County. As a result, statewide elections were usually close and hard fought. Delaware was the last state in the country to have an effective Federalist Party, it having virtually disappeared everywhere else. By 1827 members of the old Jeffersonian Democratic Republican Party had split into a Jacksonian, or Democratic faction or an Adams/Clay faction, known initially as the National Republicans, and later as Whigs. The remaining Federalists, which were many in Delaware, did likewise. Polk and most of the Federalists in Delaware joined the Adams/Clay faction, and began a National Republican, then Whig ascendancy in Delaware politics. Like the Federalists, the Whigs were especially strong in Kent and Sussex County, but were nearly matched by the new Democratic Party majority in New Castle. The upstate /downstate competition continued as before, just under new names. Polk first represented Sussex County, and served two terms in the State House in the 1814 and 1815 sessions. After moving to Kent County he was elected to the State House again, this time from Kent County. He served two more terms in the 1818 and 1824 sessions. Polk was also elected to the Kent County Levy Court in 1819. In 1824 he was elected to the State Senate and served one term including the 1825, 1826 and 1827 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1826 session. In 1826, the Federalist Party selected Polk as their candidate for governor, and after a hard fought campaign, he was elected, narrowly defeating the Democratic Republican candidate, David Hazzard. He served one term as governor of Delaware from January 16, 1827, to January 19, 1830. Legislation was passed in 1829 that called for the creation of school districts in each hundred throughout the state, with small schools placed within two miles of every student. This was an ambitious and creative plan to improve secondary education developed and promoted by Willard Hall, now the United States district judge for Delaware. There was some state funding, but the expectation was the localities would supplement it. Many did not. During Polk's term declining agricultural yields due to worn out soil were a matter of great concern. To address the concern, the Delaware General Assembly hired an expert from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, who provided a good deal of helpful advice on the use of fertilizers. As it happened, the construction of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was beginning, and some farmers in New Castle County realized the marl obtained from the dredging would enrich their soil. Using this soil, the first peach trees were planted near Delaware City. Regrettably, many thought the problem lay elsewhere. No doubt, reflecting this thinking Polk, as governor in 1837, blamed the problem on inadequate labor, saying the problem lay with "the wretched condition of the colored population which infests the state irresponsible, lawless, and miserable a migratory tribe without fixed abode, alternatively roving from city to country." He and others were concerned about the large number of free African Americans and rather than addressing the issue directly, sought to restrict their entry into Delaware. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker182751stFederalistHenry WhiteleyFederalistArchibald Hamilton182852ndFederalistPresley SpruanceFederalistWilliam W. Morris182953rdNational RepublicanPresley SpruanceNational RepublicanWilliam W. MorrisJohn Raymond1835–183658thWhigvacantWhigWilliam D. Waples
1835–1836 58-ші Виг вакант Виг Уильям Д. Уэплес
Polk was a member of the Federalist Party, which was the majority party in Kent and Sussex County, but was nearly matched in popularity statewide by the Democratic Republican Party because of that party's strength in New Castle County. As a result, statewide elections were usually close and hard fought. Delaware was the last state in the country to have an effective Federalist Party, it having virtually disappeared everywhere else. By 1827 members of the old Jeffersonian Democratic Republican Party had split into a Jacksonian, or Democratic faction or an Adams/Clay faction, known initially as the National Republicans, and later as Whigs. The remaining Federalists, which were many in Delaware, did likewise. Polk and most of the Federalists in Delaware joined the Adams/Clay faction, and began a National Republican, then Whig ascendancy in Delaware politics. Like the Federalists, the Whigs were especially strong in Kent and Sussex County, but were nearly matched by the new Democratic Party majority in New Castle. The upstate /downstate competition continued as before, just under new names. Polk first represented Sussex County, and served two terms in the State House in the 1814 and 1815 sessions. After moving to Kent County he was elected to the State House again, this time from Kent County. He served two more terms in the 1818 and 1824 sessions. Polk was also elected to the Kent County Levy Court in 1819. In 1824 he was elected to the State Senate and served one term including the 1825, 1826 and 1827 sessions. He was the Speaker in the 1826 session. In 1826, the Federalist Party selected Polk as their candidate for governor, and after a hard fought campaign, he was elected, narrowly defeating the Democratic Republican candidate, David Hazzard. He served one term as governor of Delaware from January 16, 1827, to January 19, 1830. Legislation was passed in 1829 that called for the creation of school districts in each hundred throughout the state, with small schools placed within two miles of every student. This was an ambitious and creative plan to improve secondary education developed and promoted by Willard Hall, now the United States district judge for Delaware. There was some state funding, but the expectation was the localities would supplement it. Many did not. During Polk's term declining agricultural yields due to worn out soil were a matter of great concern. To address the concern, the Delaware General Assembly hired an expert from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, who provided a good deal of helpful advice on the use of fertilizers. As it happened, the construction of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal was beginning, and some farmers in New Castle County realized the marl obtained from the dredging would enrich their soil. Using this soil, the first peach trees were planted near Delaware City. Regrettably, many thought the problem lay elsewhere. No doubt, reflecting this thinking Polk, as governor in 1837, blamed the problem on inadequate labor, saying the problem lay with "the wretched condition of the colored population which infests the state irresponsible, lawless, and miserable a migratory tribe without fixed abode, alternatively roving from city to country." He and others were concerned about the large number of free African Americans and rather than addressing the issue directly, sought to restrict their entry into Delaware. Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)YearAssemblySenate MajoritySpeakerHouse MajoritySpeaker182751stFederalistHenry WhiteleyFederalistArchibald Hamilton182852ndFederalistPresley SpruanceFederalistWilliam W. Morris182953rdNational RepublicanPresley SpruanceNational RepublicanWilliam W. MorrisJohn Raymond1835–183658thWhigvacantWhigWilliam D. Waples
1831 жылғы Конституция
1831 жылы жаңа мемлекеттік конституция қабылданды. Оны қабылдаған конвенцияның төрағасы ол болды, бірақ конклавтың нақты басшысы Полктің бұрынғы мемлекеттік хатшысы және жақын досы, АҚШ сенаторы Джон М. Клейтон еді. Бұл құжат қараша айында сайлаулар өткізуді, Делавэр Бас Ассамблеясының екі жылдық сессияларын, губернаторлар мен штат сенаторларының төрт жылдық мерзімін және штат өкілдерінің екі жылдық мерзімін белгіледі. Губернаторлар өздерінен кейін тағы сайлана алмады. Сот жүйесі де өзгертілді, судьялардың саны тоғыздан беске дейін азайтылды: канцлер, бас судья және үш орынбасар судья. Губернаторлыққа алғашқы сайлаудан кейін Полк 1834 жылы қайтадан штат Сенатына сайланды және 1835/36 жылғы сессияда спикер болып қызмет етті. Губернатордың конституциялық мұрагері ретінде ол губернатор Кейлеб П. Беннеттің қайтысынан кейін қайтадан губернатор болып, Беннеттің мерзімінің қалған айларын 1836 жылдың 11 шілдесінен 1837 жылдың 17 қаңтарына дейін атқарды. Содан кейін Полк штат Сенатындағы өзінің орнына оралды, 1837/38 жылғы сессияда қызмет етті және 1839/40 және 1841/42 жылғы сессияларға қайта сайланды. Ол 1841/42 жылғы сессияда тағы да спикер болды. Полк 1843 жылдан 1848 жылға дейін Кент округінің тізімшісі болып жұмыс істеді, ал 1850 жылы Уилмингтонға көшті, онда АҚШ президенті Джон Тайлер оны зейнеткерліктен шақырып, Уилмингтон портының коллекторы ретінде үш жыл қызмет етті. Соңында, 1857 жылдың тамызында Делавэр Жоғарғы Сотының комиссиялық судьясы болып тағайындалды.
A new state constitution was adopted in 1831. Polk was the President of the convention that adopted it, but the real leader of the conclave was Polk's former Secretary of State and good personal friend, U. S. Senator John M. Clayton. This document provided for elections in November, biannual sessions of the Delaware General Assembly, four year terms for governors and state senators, and two year terms for state representatives. Governors were not allowed to succeed themselves. The judicial system was changed as well, reducing the number of judges from nine to five: a chancellor, a chief justice, and three associate justices. After his initial term as governor, Polk was again elected to the State Senate in 1834, and served in the 1835/36 session as Speaker. As the governor's constitutional successor, he became governor again upon the death of Governor Caleb P. Bennett and served the remaining months of Bennett's term from July 11, 1836, until January 17, 1837. Polk then returned to his seat in the State Senate, served in the 1837/38 session, and was reelected for the 1839/40 and 1841/42 sessions. He was once again Speaker in the 1841/42 session. Polk served as Register of Wills for Kent County from 1843 until 1848, and in 1850, moved to Wilmington, when U. S. President John Tyler brought him out of retirement to spend three years as the Collector for the Port of Wilmington. Finally, he was appointed Commissioner Judge of the Delaware Supreme Court in August 1857.
Жеке өмір
Ол Мэри Элизабет Пурнеллге үйленді және олардың тоғыз баласы болды, оның ішінде Чарльз, Уильям Александр және Теодор. 1816 жылы Полк Милфордқа жақын, қазіргі Кент округіндегі Милфорд жүздігіндегі Биг Стоун Бичте үлкен жер учаскесін сатып алды. Ол Делавэр шығанағында тұрақтап, сонда мекен етті. Олар пресвитериан шіркеуінің мүшелері болды.
He married Mary Elizabeth Purnell and they had nine children, including, Charles, William Alexander, and Theodore. In 1816 Polk purchased a large tract of land at Big Stone Beach, near Milford, in what is now Milford Hundred, in Kent County, Delaware. He established his residence there on Delaware Bay. They were members of the Presbyterian Church.
Өлім және мұра
Полк Кент округіне қарасты Милфорд Хандред қаласында, Делавэр штатының Биг Стоун Бичіндегі үйінде қайтыс болды. Ол Делавэр мемлекеттік мұражайы аумағындағы Довердегі Ескі Пресвитериандық зиратына жерленген. Оның ұлы Уильям А. Полк 1867/68 сессиясында Штат Палатасының спикері қызметін атқарды.
Polk died at his home at Big Stone Beach, Delaware, in Milford Hundred, Kent County, and is buried in the Old Presbyterian Cemetery, in Dover, on the grounds of the Delaware State Museum. His son, William A. Polk, served as the speaker of the State House in the 1867/68 session.