1980 жылғы мамыр айының оқиғалары

Month of 1980

The following events happened in June 1980:

In South Africa, the oil plants at Sasolburg was attacked by Umkhonto we Sizwe, the African National Congress's (ANC) military wing. They bombed two strategically important SASOL (oil from coal) plants and an oil refinery. Bassam Shakaa, the Palestinian Mayor of Nablus, Ibrahim Tawil, the mayor of El Bireh, and Karim Khalaf, the mayor of Ramallah were all victims of car bombs placed by the terror group Jewish Underground Khalaf lost one leg, while Shakaa had to have both legs amputated. Moshe Zer, one of the first Israeli settlers in the northern West Bank, was the person who led the Jewish underground "hit team" that tried to assassinate Shakaa. Zer was convicted for causing serious injury and belonging to a terror group, but was sentenced to only four months in prison. Hernán Siles Zuazo, the former President of Bolivia and the front runner in the June 29 presidential election, avoided catastrophe after prior commitments led him to cancel plans for flying with six colleagues on a private plane. Siles Zuazo's running mate, Jaime Paz Zamora, was the only person to survive the crash of a twin engine Piper aircraft, which lost its right engine shortly after taking off from La Paz. The New Orleans Times Picayune newspaper merged with its only competitor, the New Orleans States Item and published as The Times Picayune/States Item. Effective October 1, 1986, the newspaper was known again as the Times Picayune. Chinese Jesuit and Roman Catholic bishop Dominic Tang (born Tang Yiming) was released from a Chinese prison after more than 21 years. Tang had been arrested on February 5, 1958 by the Communist Chinese government and was charged by the People's Republic as being "the most faithful running dog of the reactionary Vatican" and held in a labor camp, without ever being brought to trial. Later appointed by Pope John Paul II as the Archbishop of Guangzhou, Tang would live 15 more years after his release before his death in 1995. Died: Frank Coe, 73, former U. S. Treasury Department official and the first Director of the International Monetary Fund until he was identified as a member of the U. S. Communist Party. He defected to China in 1958 and died in Beijing.

American comedian Richard Pryor was burned over half of his body after accidentally setting fire to himself at his home in Northridge, California. An emergency room physician at the Sherman Oaks Community Hospital said that Pryor had told him that the fire had been caused by an explosion while Pryor was freebasing cocaine in a crack pipe. Pryor's manager said that Pryor told him that he had accidentally set a glass of rum on fire while lighting a cigarette. After spending 45 days in the hospital, and overcoming an injury that doctors said was fatal in 2 out of 3 cases, Pryor was released on July 24. Independent Network News, an expansion of New York City's WPIX primetime newscast, premiered as a syndicated television evening news program for U. S. television stations that weren't affiliated with ABC, CBS or NBC. On January 12, 1987, it would re brand itself as USA Tonight that would run for ten years until June 8, 1990. Died: Cvjetko Popović, 84, Bosnian Serb who was involved in the 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

William George Bonin, later convicted of 14 murders perpetrated in southern California was arrested in Hollywood. The arrest came days after a 41st victim of the suspected "Freeway Killer" was found dead on June 3. Bonin, a truck driver from Downey, California, had been seen driving a pale green van that had picked up a young man and was caught by police who followed the van to a parking lot. Convicted in 1982 of torturing and killing 10 of the victims, Bonin would be executed by lethal injection on February 23, 1996. French riot police and a 250 man contingent of the Royal Marines of Britain arrived at Port Vila at the request of the government of the New Hebrides, after the island of Tanna joined the island of Espiritu Santo in a rebellion. In Espiritu Santo, a group of rebels had declared an independent "Republic of Vemerana" in the course of the "Coconut War." Dr. Désiré Collen of Belgium filed for the U. S. patent for the first human protein manufactured using genetic recombination, with a process for creating an rtPA recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for dissolving blood clots. U. S. Patent No. 4,751,603 was granted on June 21, 1988 for "Plasminogen activator and pharmaceutical composition having thrombolytic activity". Libya's President Muammar Gaddafi announced in a speech that he was reversing previous decisions that had outraged his countrymen and the rest of the world. Gaddafi told Libyans at home that they would be allowed to keep their life's savings of Libyan dinar currency and that the old 5 dinar and 10 dinar notes would still be legal tender, reversing a May 15 order that had required them to be exchanged for new 5 and 10 dinar currency with a limit of 1,000 dinars allowed. Regarding money that had been lost to the banks, there was no refund, but Gaddafi pledged that the money would not be kept or invested until consultation had been made with the 167 "People's Congresses". Gaddafi also lifted his earlier order directing the killing of Libyans worldwide who had refused to return to Libya, with the exception of exiles who had been found guilty of collaboration with Israel, Egypt, or the U. S.
Steve Ballmer joined the fledgling company Microsoft as its 30th employee in return for a salary of $50,000 per year and five percent ownership of the company, with stock options to purchase an additional 5%. At Microsoft incorporated on June 25, 1981, Ballmer would own eight percent and would later succeed Bill Gates as Chief Executive Officer on January 13, 2000. With the increase of his stock ownership, Ballmer now has a net worth of over 65 billion dollars. The United States signed a treaty with the Cook Islands specifying the maritime border between the Cook Islands and American Samoa and also relinquishing the U. S. claim to the islands of Pukapuka, Manihiki, and Rakahanga and the Penrhyn atoll.

Yahya El Mashad, 48, Egyptian nuclear scientist and director of Iraq's nuclear program, was stabbed to death in his hotel room at Le Méridien Hotel in Paris. The Israeli intelligence group Mossad was suspected in the killing but no proof was found. Father Cosma Spessotto, 57, was shot and killed during Mass after speaking out against the regime in El Salvador. He became the ninth Roman Catholic priest to be killed in El Salvador since 1977.

Goukouni Oueddei, the President of the north African nation of Chad, signed a "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance" with President Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, providing for the two nations to "defend each other if either party or both parties are exposed to direct or indirect foreign aggression". Former U. S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark and 10 other people returned from a two week trip to Iran, in defiance of a presidential executive order banning U. S. citizens from traveling to the Islamic republic. Before leaving, Clark had been warned by incumbent Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti that he could be prosecuted for violating Carter's invocation of the travel ban, made under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, which carried penalties of up to 10 years imprisonment and a $50,000 fine. During his visit, Clark attended the "Crimes of America" conference in Tehran at the invitation of Iranian Foreign Minister Sadegh Ghotbzadeh. Jack Nicklaus won the U. S. Open golf tournament.

In a bout for the WBC world welterweight boxing championship, billed as "The Brawl in Montreal", former WBC lightweight champion Roberto Durán of Panama upset previously unbeaten (27 wins, no losses) Sugar Ray Leonard at Montreal's Olympic Stadium to capture the welterweight division. The first parliamentary elections in Iraq since 1958 for the 250 member National Assembly. The Ba'ath Party won 187 of the 250 seats, and 14 of 19 women candidates won their races to become the first female members to serve as Iraqi legislators. The Zakat and Ushr Ordinances took effect in Pakistan, changing taxation over to Islamic principles and barring loans from all non Muslim financial institutions as part of President Muhammad Zia ul Haq's program of "Islamization" of the south Asian nation. Under the rules, the zakat was collected for 2.5 percent of assets of greater than 1,000 rupees in savings accounts on the first day of the month of Ramadan, then redistributed to help people in poverty. The ushr, a 10% sales tax on goods imported from non Muslim states, as well as 10% on harvests of irrigated farmland, and 5% on land dependent on well water. In Los Angeles, paleobiologist J. William Schopf announced that microscopic fossils found in Western Australia showed the oldest evidence of the first life on Earth, estimated to have become fossilized 3.5 billion years ago. The find was 400 million years earlier than the previous date for earliest life on earth, and had been made in the study of stromatolites, distinctive rocks that could only be formed by microorganisms. Dr. Schopf said that the fossils showed colonies of cells in threadlike filaments, and noted that single celled bacteria must have existed much earlier, and spread over most of the earth by winds. The Hollywood Squares, a popular U. S. TV game show and celebrity comedy, broadcast its 3,536th and last daytime episode on NBC. The cult comedy The Blues Brothers and the romance The Blue Lagoon premiered on the same day, both to mixed reviews. Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune called The Blues Brothers "one of the all time great comedies; the best movie ever made in Chicago" while Bruce Smith of New York's Daily News wrote that the film "is full of opportunities for comedy, few of them realized". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote that The Blue Lagoon (a remake of a 1948 British film) "has triumphed on all counts" under the direction of Randal Kleiser while Kathleen Carroll of the Daily News said that the film "moves at a snail's pace, proving, once and for all, that life in tropical paradises can be painfully monotonous."

The Huron King experiment was carried out at the Nevada Test Site in the United States as "The first large scale underground nuclear test of a realistic satellite test object" for purposes of improvement of the shielding of orbiting U. S. satellites from radiation produced by nuclear explosions As one author noted, "Satellites can be destroyed by the electrical effects induced by a burst of gamma rays from a nuclear explosion at a distance of hundreds of kilometers, because in space the intensity of the gamma rays declines only as the inverse square of the distance." Since the U. S. had agreed to a ban on atmospheric and space testing of weapons, the experiment, which cost US$10.3 million, involved the placement of 20 kiloton nuclear device 1050 feet (320 m) underground, over which a mobile test chamber on the surface carried a DSCS III defense communications satellite. "An instant after the detonation, the satellite was bathed in x rays and gamma rays. Explosive driven doors sealed the chamber a fraction after the detonation to prevent radioactive debris from reaching the satellite" Assad retaliated by sending the Syrian Army on an unsuccessful mission to destroy the Muslim Brotherhood.