R410A тоңазытқышы: қасиеттері, қолданылуы және алмастырылуы

Refrigerant R 410A
R 410A, sold under the trademarked names AZ 20, EcoFluor R410, Forane 410A, Genetron R410A, Puron, and Suva 410A, is a zeotropic but near azeotropic mixture of difluoromethane (CH2F2, called R 32) and pentafluoroethane (CHF2CF3, called R 125) that is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning and heat pump applications. R 410A cylinders were colored rose but are no longer specially color coded, now bearing a standard light gray color. On December 27, 2020, the United States Congress passed the American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act, which directs US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to phase down production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). HFCs have a high global warming potential and contribute to climate change. Rules developed under the AIM Act require HFC production and consumption to be reduced by 85% from 2022 to 2036. R 410A will be restricted by this Act because it contains the HFC R 125. Other refrigerants (like R 32 and R 454B) will replace R 410A in most applications, just as R 410A replaced the earlier refrigerant, R 22.

R 410A was invented and patented by Allied Signal (now Honeywell) in 1991. Other producers around the world have been licensed to manufacture and sell R 410A, but Honeywell continues to be the leader in capacity and sales. R 410A was successfully commercialized in the air conditioning segment by a combined effort of Carrier Corporation, Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc., Copeland Scroll Compressors (a division of Emerson Electric Company), and Allied Signal. Carrier Corporation was the first company to introduce an R 410A based residential air conditioning unit into the market in 1996 and holds the trademark "Puron".

R 410A replaced R 22 as the preferred refrigerant for use in residential and commercial air conditioners in Japan, Europe, and the United States. Parts designed specifically for R 410A must be used, as R 410A operates at higher pressures than other refrigerants. R 410A systems thus require service personnel to use different tools, equipment, safety standards, and techniques. Equipment manufacturers are aware of these changes and require the certification of professionals installing R 410A systems. In addition, the AC&R Safety Coalition has been created to help educate professionals about R 410A systems.

In accordance with terms and agreement reached in the Montreal Protocol (The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer), the United States Environmental Protection Agency has mandated that production or import of R 22 along with other hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) be phased out in the United States. In the E. U. and the U. S., R 22 cannot be used in the manufacture of new air conditioning or similar units from 1 January 2010. Since 1 January 2020, the production and importation of R 22 has been banned; the only available sources of R 22 include that which has been stockpiled or recovered from existing devices.

Unlike alkyl halide refrigerants that contain bromine or chlorine, R 410A (which contains only fluorine) does not contribute to ozone depletion and is therefore becoming more widely used as ozone depleting refrigerants like R 22 are phased out. However, like methane, its global warming potential (GWP) is appreciably worse than CO2 for the time it persists. Because R410A is a 50% combination of CH2F2 (HFC 32) and 50% CHF2CF3 (HFC 125), it is not easy to express their combined effects in a single global warming potential (GWP), However, HFC 32 has a 4.9 year lifetime and a 100 year GWP of 675 and HFC 125 has a 29 year lifetime and a 100 year GWP of 3500. Since R 410A allows for higher SEER ratings than an R 22 system by reducing power consumption, the overall impact on global warming of R 410A systems can, in some cases, be lower than that of R 22 systems due to reduced greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. Under the assumption that preventing ozone depletion is more important in the short term than GWP reduction, R 410A is preferable to R 22. The alternative refrigerants have much lower GWP than R 410A.

R 410A cannot be used in R 22 service equipment because of higher operating pressures (approximately 40 to 70% higher). While R 410A has negligible fractionation potential, it cannot be ignored when charging.