Солтүстік Америкадағы жолаушы локомотивтерінің тарихы және түрлері

The passenger locomotives derivatives of the General Motors EMD GP40 diesel electric locomotive have been, and continue to be, used by multiple passenger railroads in North America. For passenger service, the locomotives required extra components for providing steam or head end power (HEP) for heating, lighting and electricity in passenger cars. Most of these passenger locomotives were rebuilt from older freight locomotives, while some were built as brand new models.

The GMD GP40TC was built by General Motors Diesel (GMD), for GO Transit in Toronto. Eight units were manufactured between 1966 and 1968. They were built on an extended frame to accommodate a head end power generator. GO Transit sold the fleet to Amtrak in 1988, These are now classed as GP38H 3, and work as maintenance of way trains or standby power for Downeaster trains.

Thirteen GP40Ps were built in October 1968 for the Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) and paid for by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT). The CNJ put the units in service on the Raritan Valley Line and the North Jersey Coast Line. The CNJ's passenger operations were transferred to NJDOT in 1976 (with Conrail operating them under contract), and in 1983 New Jersey Transit assumed operating passenger rail service in the state. Shortly after, the steam generator, which had occupied the flat end of the locomotive's long hood, was replaced with a diesel HEP generator, and the units were reclassified as GP40PH. They would later be rebuilt as GP40PH 2 units in 1991–92.

Southern Pacific ordered a Dash 2 variant of the GP40P; only three of these were ever built. After the conclusion of passenger service, they were repurposed for freight use. All three units are still in service, with two being retained by the Union Pacific Railroad and the remaining one sold to the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad.

In 1987, New Jersey Transit and Metro North ordered a set of GP40 locomotives called GP40FH 2s, which were completed by Morrison Knudsen between 1987 and 1990. These locomotives combine the standard cab and frame of a GP40 with the cowl from an ex Burlington Northern F45 locomotive. A total of 21 units of this type were built; 15 were delivered to New Jersey Transit, and the remaining six were for Metro North. As of late 2016, only the Metro North units remain in service, rebuilt as GP40FH 2Ms. All NJT GP40FH 2 locomotives have been retired following the delivery of the ALP 45DP. Five units were rebuilt into MPI MP20B switchers in 2008. Seven NJT units were purchased by Iowa Pacific Holdings and three of those were designated for use on the Hoosier State between Chicago and Indianapolis before Amtrak took over operations again on January 30, 2017. The rest of the units have been sold to various other operators.

In 1991–92, NJ Transit sent its ex CNJ GP40PH units out for rebuilding. The units were rebuilt as GP40PH 2 locomotives. New Jersey Transit would later order two more sets of GP40PH 2 units; these units were rebuilt from former freight GP40 units. The first order in 1993 consisted of six units rebuilt by Morrison Knudsen which are designated GP40PH 2A. The second order in 1993–94 was for 19 former Penn Central units rebuilt by Conrail, which are classified as GP40PH 2B. Metro North ordered a single GP40PH 2 unit, numbered 4906. It was rebuilt by Conrail in 1992 and is classified as a GP40PH 2M. Starting in 2014, all but three of NJ Transit's original GP40PH 2s have entered an in house rebuild program by NJ Transit for a mechanical conversion into a standard GP40 2 for non revenue service. The HEP motor was removed, unlit number boards were drilled in, the rear ladders were removed and replaced with steps, and LED markers were applied to the rear end of the locomotive, replacing their original tri color class lights. As of 2020, locomotives 4100, 4101 and 4109 are the only ex CNJ locomotives that remain in service. NJ Transit's GP40PH 2B units and Metro North's GP40PH 2M unit also remain active. All GP40PH 2A units were retired and placed into storage, except for one unit, which was sold to MARC in 2019. In December 2017, New Jersey Transit purchased 17 additional ALP 45DPs to replace the remaining GP40PH 2B locomotives that are still in service. However, in July 2020, NJ Transit decided to use the ALP 45As to replace older locomotives of the PL42AC fleet instead of the GP40PH 2Bs, due to the PL42AC's unreliability and inability to be upgraded to meet new Environmental Protection Agency standards. In 2019, NJ Transit unveiled locomotive 4109 painted in a heritage scheme based on that of the CNJ GP40P. In October 2022, NJ Transit unveiled locomotive 4101 painted in a heritage NJDOT scheme. In October 2023, GP40PH 2B 4210 was repainted into the Erie Railroad black and yellow scheme.

In the late 1980s, Morrison Knudsen rebuilt six GP40s into 12 cylinder GP39s for MARC. They were downgraded from to , and re equipped with 4 stroke Cummins HEP generators. As of 2023, they continue to be used by MARC for smaller train sets and work train duty, and all are currently being rebuilt. They will be reclassified as GP39PH 3C.

In 1993, Morrison Knudsen was contacted by the Maryland Transit Administration to assemble a fleet of GP40s for use on MARC. They entered service in 1994. GP40WH 2s are equipped with a Cummins head end power generator. The Federal Railroad Administration exempted these units from the "triangular light pattern" rule because the engines were ordered with Gyralites before the mandatory use of ditch lights. Between 2009 and 2011, MARC retired all of their GP40WH 2 locomotives in favor of new MP36PH 3C locomotives, except for unit 68, which remains for non revenue work duty and rescue use. Five units were leased to the MBTA in 2011 until 2012, and one unit was sent to CSX Transportation for use on their track geometry train. The remaining units have been rebuilt by MotivePower into MP32PH Q locomotives for use on SunRail or sold to various leasing firms.

In 1996, AMF Technotransport rebuilt six freight locomotives into passenger locomotives for the Connecticut Department of Transportation for use on Shore Line East service. The locomotives, designated GP40 2H, were rebuilt from ex CSX Transportation EMD GP38s and EMD GP40s. The rebuild included an EMD 645 prime mover, producing , and a separate head end power (HEP) generator. Between 2017 and 2018, the GP40 2H locomotives received an overhaul performed by National Railway Equipment and were reclassified as GP40 3H. They were subsequently transferred to the newly established Hartford Line service, where they remain in service as of June 2018. In 2022, the remaining Shore Line East equipment was moved into service on the Hartford Line after CTDOT introduced M8 electric multiple units to operate on Shore Line East service.

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority currently owns and operates a set of 25 GP40 passenger diesels known as GP40MCs, used on the MBTA Commuter Rail system. They were originally built by General Motors Diesel as GP40 2LWs for Canadian National in 1973–75. In 1997–98, these units were extensively rebuilt by AMF. Although they have been principally used on the lines from North Station, these locomotives can also be seen commonly on the South Station lines. Currently, the GP40MCs are undergoing an overhaul by the Norfolk Southern Railway, which includes repair and modification to the major propulsion systems and the HEP generators.