Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыстағы неміс зениттік артиллериясы

Family of Light Anti aircraft guns

The Flak 30 (Flugzeugabwehrkanone 30) and improved Flak 38 were 20 mm anti aircraft guns used by various German forces throughout World War II. It was not only the primary German light anti aircraft gun but by far the most numerously produced German artillery piece throughout the war. The C/30, featuring a barrel length of 65 calibres, had a fire rate of about 120 rounds per minute. Disappointingly, it proved to have feeding problems and would often jam, which was offset to some degree by its undersized 20 round magazine which tended to make reloading a frequent necessity. Nevertheless, the C/30 became the primary shipborne light AA weapon and equipped a large variety of German ships. The MG C/30L variant was also used experimentally as an aircraft weapon, notably on the Heinkel He 112, where its high power allowed it to penetrate armoured cars and the light tanks of the era during the Spanish Civil War. Rheinmetall then started an adaptation of the C/30 for Army use, producing the 2 cm Flak 30. Generally similar to the C/30, the main areas of development were the mount, which was fairly compact. Set up could be accomplished by dropping the gun off its two wheeled trailer, "Sonderanhänger 51" (trailer 51) and levelling the gun using hand cranks. The result was a triangular base that permitted fire in all directions. But the main problem with the design remained unsolved. The rate of fire of 120 RPM (rounds per minute) was not particularly fast for a weapon of this calibre. Rheinmetall responded with the 2 cm Flak 38, which was otherwise similar but increased the rate of fire by 220 RPM and slightly lowered overall weight to 420 kg. The Flak 38 was accepted as the standard Army gun in 1939, and by the Kriegsmarine as the C/38. In order to provide airborne and mountain troops with an AA capability, Mauser was contracted to produce a lighter version of the Flak 38, which they introduced as the 2 cm Gebirgsflak 38 (2 cm GebFlak 38). It featured a dramatically simplified mount using a tripod that raised the entire gun off the ground, with the additional benefit of allowing the weapon to be set up on an uneven surface. These changes reduced the overall weight of the gun to 276.0 kg. Production started in 1941 and it entered service in 1942.

A range of 20x138B ammunition was manufactured for 2 cm Flak weapons, the more commonly used types are listed on the following table. Other types included practice rounds (marked Übung or Üb. in German notation) and a number of different AP types including a high velocity PzGr 40 round with a tungsten carbide core in an aluminium body. German designation US Abbreviation Projectile weight [g] Bursting charge Muzzle velocity [m/s] Description Sprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger HEF T 115 6,2 6,4 g HE (PETN + wax) 888 m/s Nose fuzed tracer round, self destruct after 5.5 6.5 seconds (2000m range) due to tracer burn through. Sprenggranatpatrone L'spur W mit Zerleger HEF T 120 6,2 6,4 g HE (PETN + wax) ? Boat tailed HE Frag. nose fuzed tracer round with heat transfer. Self destruct after 5.5 6.5 seconds (2000m range) due to tracer burn through. Sprenggranatpatrone 39 Erd HEF 132 11 g HE (PETN + wax) 995 m/s HE Frag. round with nose fuze, no tracer. Exclusively against ground targets. Brandsprenggranatpatrone L'spur (Flak) mit Zerleger HEI T 120 122 2,4 g HE (PETN) + 4.1 g (Aluminium) 900 m/s Nose fuze, tracer, with self destruct after 5.5 6.5 seconds (2000m range) due to tracer burn through. Brandsprenggranatpatrone ohne L'spur (Flak) mit Zerleger HEI 117 120 22 g total 20 g HE Hexogen 5 (RDX) + (Zinc) powder + wax 900 m/s Boat tailed nose fuzed HEI round, no tracer, self destruct after 5.5 8 seconds flight (2000 2800m range). Lack of tracer and high density of incendiary allows heavy filling load. Bransprenggranatpatrone L'spur W mit Zerleger HEFI T 119 120 6,6 6,8 g HE (PETN) + (Aluminium) + wax 900 m/s Boat tailed nose fuzed HE Frag. incendiary tracer round with heat transfer. Self destruct after at 2000m range due to tracer burn through. Brandsprenggranatpatrone vk. L'spur mit Zerleger HEI T 116 19 g HE Hexogen 5 (RDX) + (Aluminium) or (Zinc) powder + wax ? Boat tailed nose fuzed HEI tracer round. Self destruct after 6 second (2200 2400m range) due to tracer burn through. Brandsprenggranatpatrone vk. L'spur W mit Zerleger HEI T 116 19 g HE Hexogen 5 (RDX) + (Aluminium) or (Zinc) powder + wax ? Boat tailed nose fuzed HEI tracer round with heat transfer. Self destruct after 5.5 second (2000m range) due to tracer burn through. Brandsprenggranatpatrone mit Zerleger? HEI 100 ? g HE ? + ? g incendiary (WP) 1050 m/s Nose fuze, no tracer, with self destruct? Brandsprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger? HEI T 100 ? g HE ? + ? g incendiary (WP) 1050 m/s Nose fuze, tracer, with self destruct? after ? second (?m range) due to tracer burn through. Minengeschosspatrone X L'spur mit Zerleger HEI T (M) 109 24,5 25 g HE HA 41 (RDX + (Aluminium) powder + wax) 950 Boat tailed nose fuzed HE Mine shell tracer round, self destruct. Panzergranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger AP T 146 148 2,4 g (PETN) + ? g (WP) 830 m/s Base fuzed tracer round, with self destruct due to tracer burn through after 4.5 second flight (1800m range). Panzergranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger AP T 159 2,5 g (PETN) + ? g (WP) ? Boat tailed base fuzed tracer round, with self destruct after 2 second flight (1000m range). Panzergranatpatrone 39 AP 148 w/o filling 780 m/s No fuze, no tracer or self destruct function. Panzergranatpatrone 40 L'spur APIHC T APICR T HVAPI T 100 101 Light metal shell, special steel core 1050 m/s Tungsten carbide core. Tracer round, with no fuze or self destruct function. Tracer burn through after 0,9 1.5 second flight (600m range). Penetrating effect with incendiary effect due to melting of light metal tip. Panzerbrandgranatpatrone (Phosphor) L'spur ohne Zerleger API T 148 3,0 g incendiary (WP) 780 m/s Tracer round, with no fuze or self destruct function. Tracer burn through after 1,8 second flight (1000m range). Panzergranatpatrone L'spur ohne Zerleger AP T 143 w/o filling 800 m/s Tracer round, with no fuze or self destruct function. Tracer burn through after 1,8 second flight (1000m range). Panzersprenggranatpatrone L'spur ohne Zerleger APHE T 121 3,6 g HE (PETN) 900 m/s Base fuzed tracer round, no self destruct. Panzersprenggranatpatrone L'spur mit Zerleger (Kriegsmarine)(Luftwaffe) APHE T 121 3,6 g HE (PETN) 900 m/s Base fuzed tracer round, self destruct after 2 second flight (1000m range) or 4.3 4.6 seconds flight (1800m range) due to tracer burn through.

Even as the Flak 30 was entering service, the Luftwaffe and Heer (army) branches of the Wehrmacht had doubts about its effectiveness, given the ever increasing speeds of low altitude fighter bombers and attack aircraft. The Army in particular felt the proper solution was the introduction of the 37 mm calibre weapons they had been developing since the 1920s, which had a rate of fire about the same as the Flak 38 but fired a round with almost eight times the weight. This not only made the rounds deadlier on impact, but their higher energy and ballistic coefficient allowed them to travel much longer distances, allowing the gun to engage targets at longer ranges. This meant it could keep enemy aircraft under fire over longer time spans. The 20 mm weapons had always had weak development perspectives, often being reconfigured or redesigned just enough to allow the weapons to find a use. Indeed, it came as a surprise when Rheinmetall introduced the 2 cm Flakvierling 38, which improved the weapon just enough to make it competitive again. The term Vierling literally translates to "quadruplet" and refers to the four 20 mm autocannon constituting the design. The Flakvierling weapon consisted of quad mounted 2 cm Flak 38 AA guns with collapsing seats, folding handles, and ammunition racks. The mount had a triangular base with a jack at each leg for levelling the gun. The tracker traversed and elevated the mount manually using two handwheels. When raised, the weapon measured 307 cm (10 feet 1 inch) high. Each of the four guns had a separate magazine that held only 20 rounds. This meant that a maximum combined rate of fire of 1,400 rounds per minute was reduced practically to 800 rounds per minute for combat use – which would still require that an emptied magazine be replaced every six seconds, on each of the four guns. This is the attainable rate of fire; the sustained rate of fire is significantly lower due to heat buildup and barrel erosion. Automatic weapons are typically limited to roughly 100 rounds per minute per barrel to give time for the heat to dissipate, although this can be exceeded for short periods if the firing window is brief. The gun was fired by two pedals — each of which fired two diametrically opposite barrels — in either semi automatic or automatic mode. The effective vertical range was 2,200 metres. It was also used just as effectively against ground targets as it was against low flying aircraft.

The Flakvierling four autocannon anti aircraft ordnance system, when not mounted into any self propelled mount, was normally transported Sd. Ah. 52 trailer, and could be towed behind a variety of half tracks or trucks, such as the Opel Blitz and the armoured Sd. Kfz. 251 and unarmored Sd. Kfz. 7/1 and Sd. Kfz. 11 artillery towing half track vehicles. Its versatility concerning the vehicles it could be mounted to included its use even on tank hulls to produce fully armoured mobile anti aircraft vehicles, such as the Panzer IV based low production Wirbelwind and original Möbelwagen prototype design, anti aircraft tanks. In Kriegsmarine use, it was fitted to U boats, Siebel ferries and ships to provide short range anti aircraft defence, and was also employed in fixed installations around ports, harbours and other strategic naval targets. The Flakvierling was also a common fixture on trains, even on Hitler's own command train, where pairs of them were mounted on either end of a "camelback" flatbed car and then covered to make it look like a boxcar, sometimes with a pair of such twin Flakvierling mount cars for defence, one near each end of Hitler's Führersonderzug train.