Энергетика: Физикалық өзгерістердің негізгі элементі туралы теория

View that energy is the fundamental element in all physical change
Energeticism, also called energism or energetics (Energetik), is a superseded theory in science that posits that energy is the ultimate element of physical reality. Energeticism was developed during the end of the 19th century by the chemist Wilhelm Ostwald and mathematician Georg Helm. It was also promoted by physicist Ernst Mach, though his full commitment to it was sometimes ambiguous. Energetiscism attempted to substitute the hypothesis of atoms and molecules by energy relations. Ludwig Boltzmann and Max Planck constantly rebutted the idea of energeticism He opposed the reduction of chemistry to mechanics and advocated for the reduction of mass and matter to energy. His principle can be written as

Under the evidence of Jean Baptiste Perrin's experiments on Brownian motion that confirmed Albert Einstein's theory, Ostwald renounced to energeticism as physical theory in his fourth edition of Outline of General Chemistry in 1908, embracing atomic theory. He attempted to create a hierarchy to classify the sciences and social sciences based on life, energy and order. Sociologist Max Weber opposed Ostwald views. In 1909, Weber accused sociological energetics of being ideological, underrating the complexity of the social sciences and overrating the importance of recasting phenomena in energetic terminology. Weber also objects to the idea of 'psychological energy' to explain psychology and accuses Ostwald of trying to derive an 'is from an ought'.