MUMPS бағдарламалау тілі және денсаулық сақтау жүйелеріндегі қолданылуы

Programming language
the programming language

MUMPS ("Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi Programming System"), or M, is an imperative, high level programming language with an integrated transaction processing key–value database. It was originally developed at Massachusetts General Hospital for managing patient medical records and hospital laboratory information systems. MUMPS technology has since expanded as the predominant database for health information systems and electronic health records in the United States. MUMPS based information systems run over 40% of the hospitals in the U. S., run across all of the U. S. federal hospitals and clinics, and provide health information services for over 54% of patients across the U. S.

A unique feature of the MUMPS technology is its integrated database language, allowing direct, high speed read write access to permanent disk storage. This provides tight integration of unlimited applications within a single database, and provides extremely high performance and reliability as an online transaction processing system.

MUMPS was developed by Neil Pappalardo, Robert A. Greenes, and Curt Marble in Dr. Octo Barnett's lab at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston during 1966 and 1967. was sold in parallel after released 1978. Both hardware families as well as MUMPS versions were available until 1995 from DEC. The DSM 11 was ported to the Alpha in two variants: DSM for OpenVMS, and as DSM for Ultrix. InterSystems with ISM (InterSystems M) on VMS (M/VX), ISM 11 later M/11+ on the PDP 11 platform (1978), M/PC on MS DOS, M/DG on Data General, M/VM on IBM VM/CMS, and M/UX on various Unixes. Greystone Technology Corporation founded 1980, with a compiled version called GT. M for AIX, HP UX, UNIX and OpenVMS
DataTree Inc. with an Intel PC based product called DTM. (1982)
Micronetics Design Corporation (1980) with a product line called MSM. MSM PC, MSM/386, MS UNIX, MSM NT, MSM/VM fo IBM, VAX/VMS platforms and OpenVMS Alpha platforms. Computer Consultants (later renamed MGlobal), a Houston based company originally created CCSM on 6800, then 6809, and eventually a port to the 68000, which later became MacMUMPS, a Mac OS based product. They also worked on the MGM MUMPS implementation. MGlobal also ported their implementation to the DOS platform. MGlobal MUMPS was the first commercial MUMPS for the IBM PC and the only implementation for the classic Mac OS. Tandem Computers developed an implementation for their fault tolerant computers. IBM briefly sold a MUMPS implementation named MUMPS/VM which ran as a virtual machine on top of VM/370. This period also saw considerable MDC activity. The second revision of the ANSI standard for MUMPS (X11.1 1984) was approved on November 15, 1984.

On November 11, 1990, the third revision of the ANSI standard (X11.1 1990) was approved. In 1992 the same standard was also adopted as ISO standard 11756–1992. Use of M as an alternative name for the language was approved around the same time. On December 8, 1995, the fourth revision of the standard (X11.1 1995) was approved by ANSI, and by ISO in 1999 as ISO 11756:1999, which was also published by ANSI. The MDC finalized a further revision to the standard in 1998 but this has not been presented to ANSI for approval. In 1999 the last M Standard (ISO IEC 11756 1999) was approved. ISO re affirmed this on 2020. Together with ISO/IEC 15851:1999, Open MUMPS Interconnect and ISO/IEC 15852:1999, MUMPS Windowing Application Programmers Interface.

The chief executive of InterSystems disliked the name MUMPS and felt that it represented a serious marketing obstacle. Thus, favoring M to some extent became identified as alignment with InterSystems. The 1990 ANSI Standard was open to both M and MUMPS and after a "world wide" discussion in 1992 the Mumps User Groups officially changed the name to M. The dispute also reflected rivalry between organizations (the M Technology Association, the MUMPS Development Committee, the ANSI and ISO Standards Committees) as to who determines the "official" name of the language. As of 2020, the ISO still mentions both M and MUMPS as officially accepted names. Massachusetts General Hospital registered "MUMPS" as a trademark with the USPTO on November 28, 1971, and renewed it on November 16, 1992, but let it expire on August 30, 2003.

Some aspects of MUMPS syntax differ strongly from that of more modern languages, which can cause confusion, although those aspects vary between different versions of the language. On some versions, whitespace is not allowed within expressions, as it ends a statement: 2 + 3 is an error, and must be written 2+3. All operators have the same precedence and are left associative (2+3*10 evaluates to 50). The operators for "less than or equal to" and "greater than or equal to" are '> and '< (that is, the boolean negation operator ' plus a strict comparison operator in the opposite direction), although some versions allow the use of the more standard <= and >= respectively. Periods (.) are used to indent the lines in a DO block, not whitespace. The ELSE command does not need a corresponding IF, as it operates by inspecting the value in the built in system variable $test. MUMPS scoping rules are more permissive than other modern languages. Declared local variables are scoped using the stack. A routine can normally see all declared locals of the routines below it on the call stack, and routines cannot prevent routines they call from modifying their declared locals, unless the caller manually creates a new stack level (do) and aliases each of the variables they wish to protect (. new x,y) before calling any child routines. By contrast, undeclared variables (variables created by using them, rather than declaration) are in scope for all routines running in the same process, and remain in scope until the program exits. Because MUMPS database references differ from internal variable references only in the caret prefix, it is dangerously easy to unintentionally edit the database, or even to delete a database "table".