Pacific Islander Americans

Ethnic classification

Pacific Islander Americans make up 0.5% of the U. S. population including those with partial Pacific Islander ancestry, enumerating about 1.4 million people. The largest ethnic subgroups of Pacific Islander Americans are Native Hawaiians, Samoans, and Chamorros. Much of the Pacific Islander population resides in Hawaii, Alaska, California, Utah, and Texas. Pacific Islanders may be considered Oceanian Americans, but this group may include Australians and New Zealander origin people, who can be of non Pacific Islander ethnicity. Pacific Islander Americans are often mixed with other races, especially European and Asian, due to Pacific Islanders being a small population in most communities in mainland U. S. For instance, most Hawaiian Americans are only part Hawaiian in ethnicity. American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands are insular areas (U. S. territories), while Hawaii is a state.

Migration from Oceania to the United States began in the last decade of the 18th century, but the first migrants to arrive in the country were Native Hawaiians. People from other Oceanian backgrounds (except Australians and Māori) did not migrate to the United States until the late 19th century. The first Native Hawaiians to live in the present day United States were fur traders. They were hired by British fur traders in Hawaii and taken to the northwestern United States, from where trade networks developed with Honolulu. However, they charged less than Americans for doing the same jobs and returned to Hawaii when their contracts ended. The first Native Hawaiians to live permanently in the United States settled in the Astoria colony (in present day Oregon) in 1811, having been brought there by its founder, fur merchant John Jacob Astor. Astor created the Pacific Fur Company in the colony and used the Native Hawaiians to build the city's infrastructure and houses and to develop the primary sector (agriculture, hunting and fishing). The labor employment of the Native Hawaiians was done to make them serve the company (although later, most of them worked for North West Company when this company absorbed the Pacific Fur Company in 1813). After 1813, Native Hawaiians continued to migrate to the Pacific Northwest. They migrated to work in companies such as the Hudson's Bay Company (which absorbed the North West Company in 1821) and the Columbia Fishing and Trading Company, as well as in Christian missions. Since 1819, some groups of Polynesian Protestant students immigrated to the United States to study theology. Since the 1830s, another group of Native Hawaiians arrived on California's shores, Later, the U. S. occupied Hawaii in 1896, Guam in 1898, and American Samoa in 1900. This fact diversified Oceanian emigration in the United States.

However, the first record of non Hawaiian Pacific Islanders in the United States is from 1910, who emigrated to help build Mormon churches, However, the emigration of Pacific Islanders to the U. S. was small until the end of World War II, Guamanians (who got the American citizenship in 1929), emerged, while other groups of places such as French Polynesia, Palau, or Fiji began to emigrate. Over 5,100 Pacific Islanders emigrated to the United States in the 1950s, mostly from American Samoa, Guam, and Tonga. The first of them were Samoan military personnel, who had worked at the American bases of Pago Pago but moved to the Honolulu's American bases when American Samoa began to be administered by the United States Department of the Interior, as well as their relatives. and its natives got U. S. citizenship. This made more than 630,000 people Americans; many of them were Pacific Islanders, both Native Hawaiians and people of other Oceanian origins. Thus, the Hawaiian migration to the continental U. S. began to increase. In the 1960s, many more Pacific Islanders emigrated to the U. S., mainly due to increased migration from Guam, Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa archipelago (both independent and American Samoa The Pacific Islanders migrated by diverse reasons: Many Guamanians fled the Korean War and Typhoon Karen,), Guam, Tonga, and Fiji, but also from other islands such as Federated States of Micronesia or Palau. Many of these people emigrated to the U. S. to study at its universities. Moreover, in the 1980s, migration from the Pacific Islands to the United States became more diversified when this country acquired the Northern Marianas Islands in 1986 and signed an agreement with TTPI (FSM, Palau and the Marshall Islands) called the Compact of Free Association. The Compact of Free Association allows the inhabitants from TTPI to travel and work in the United States without visas. On the other hand, the Tyson Foods company, which employed a significant part of the population of the Marshall Islands, relocated many of its Marshellese employees in Springdale, Arkansas, where the company is based. However, most of Pacific Islanders continued to migrate to western urban areas and Hawaii. Marshallese Americans or Marshallese come from the Marshall Islands. In the 2010 census, 22,434 Americans identified as being of Marshallese descent. Because of the Marshall Islands entering the Compact of Free Association in 1986, Marshallese have been allowed to migrate and work in the United States. There are many reasons why Marshallese came to the United States. Some Marshallese came for educational opportunities, particularly for their children. Others sought work or better health care than what is available in the islands. Massive layoffs by the Marshallese government in 2000 led to a second big wave of immigration. Arkansas has the largest Marshallese population with over 6,000 residents. Many live in Springdale, and the Marshallese constitute over 5% of the city's population. Other significant Marshallese populations include Spokane and Costa Mesa. Smaller communities of I Kiribati and Nauruan origins also live in the U. S.

Polynesian Americans are Americans of Polynesian descent. Large subcategories of Polynesian Americans include Native Hawaiians and Samoan Americans. In addition there are smaller communities of Tongan Americans, French Polynesian Americans, and Māori Americans. A Samoan American is an American who is of ethnic Samoan descent from either the independent nation Samoa or the American territory of American Samoa. Samoan American is a subcategory of Polynesian American. About 55,000 people live on American Samoa, while the U. S. censuses in 2000 and 2008 has found 4 times the number of Samoan Americans live in the mainland U. S.

California has the most Samoans; concentrations live in the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles County, and San Diego County. San Francisco has approximately 2,000 people of Samoan ancestry, and other Bay Area cities such as East Palo Alto and Daly City have Samoan communities. In Los Angeles County, Long Beach and Carson have abundant Samoan communities, as well as in Oceanside in San Diego County. Other West Coast metropolitan areas such as Seattle have strong Samoan communities, mainly in King County and in Tacoma. Anchorage, Alaska, and Honolulu, Hawaii, both have thousands of Samoan Americans residing in each city. Persons born in American Samoa are United States nationals, but not United States citizens (this is the only circumstance under which an individual would be one and not the other). For this reason, Samoans can move to Hawaii or the mainland United States and obtain citizenship comparatively easily. Like Hawaiian Americans, the Samoans arrived in the mainland in the 20th century as agricultural laborers and factory workers. Elsewhere in the United States, Samoan Americans are plentiful throughout the state of Utah, as well as in Killeen, Texas; Norfolk, Virginia; and Independence, Missouri. A Tongan American is an American who is of ethnic Tongan descent. Utah has the largest Tongan American population, followed by Hawaii. Many of the first Tongan Americans came to the United States in connection to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints. They have strong presence in parts of Salt Lake Valley in Utah, especially West Valley City and Salt Lake City. Utah is roughly one percent Tongan, a high rate compared to Tongans only making up less than a scant 0.02% of the U. S. population. Tongan communities are also more common in the west coast, such as San Mateo County, California, some areas of the South Bay of Los Angeles, and the Seattle Tacoma metropolitan area of Washington. Portland, Oregon is also home to a Tongan community that started to emigrate in the 1970s. The Dallas, Texas suburb of Euless also has a Tongan population in the low thousands. Native Hawaiians are plentiful in Las Vegas. +Pacific Islander Americans in the 2000 and 2010 United States censusesAncestryFlag20002010Nos.%Nos.% Fijian 13,5811.6%32,3042.6% French Polynesian 3,3130.4%5,0620.4% Marshallese 6,6500.8%22,4341.8% "Micronesian" (not specified) 9,9401.1%29,1122.4% Micronesian (FSM) 1,948 (Kosraean: 226; Pohnpeian: 700; Chuukese: 654; Yapese: 368)0.2%8,195 (Kosraean: 906; Pohnpeian: 2,060; Chuukese: 4,211; Yapese: 1,018)0.7% Polynesians with New Zealand citizenship(Māori, Tokelauans, Niueans, Cook Islanders) 2,422 (Māori: 1,994; Tokelauans: 574)0.3%925 (Tokelauans only)0.1% Chamorro 93,237 (Guamanian or Chamorro: 92,611; Saipanese: 475; Mariana Islander: 141)10.7%148,220 (Guamanian or Chamorro: 147,798; Saipanese: 1,031; Mariana Islander: 391)12.2% Native Hawaiian 401,16245.9%527,07743.0% Palauan 3,4690.4%7,4500.6%"Polynesian" (not specified) 8,7961.0%9,1530.7% Samoan 133,28115.2%184,44015.1% Tongan 36,8404.2%57,1834.7% Others 188,38921.5%241,95219.7%Total Pacific Islander American population874,414100.0%1,225,195100.0%

State/territory Pacific Islander Americans alone or in combination (2010 U. S. Census) Percentage (Pacific Islander)Pacific Islander Americans alone or in combination (2020 U. S. Census) Percentage (Pacific Islander) Alabama 7,984 7,479 0.1% Alaska 11,360 18,668 2.5%American Samoa 52,790 92% Arizona 28,431 37,212 0.5% Arkansas 8,597 17,874 0.6% California 320,036 337,617 0.9% Colorado 16,823 24,714 0.4% Connecticut 6,864 5,971 0.2% Delaware 1,423 1,547 0.2% District of Columbia 1,514 1,494 0.2% Florida 43,416 44,454 0.2% Georgia 18,587 19,020 0.2% Guam 90,238 56.6% Hawaii 358,951 394,102 27.1% Idaho 5,508 9,293 0.5% Illinois 15,873 16,842 0.1% Indiana 7,392 12,015 0.2% Iowa 4,173 10,073 0.3% Kansas 5,445 7,890 0.3% Kentucky 5,698 8,449 0.2% Louisiana 5,333 6,100 0.1% Maine 1,008 1,619 0.1% Maryland 11,553 11,440 0.2% Massachusetts 12,369 10,436 0.1% Michigan 10,010 11,255 0.1% Minnesota 6,819 9,387 0.2% Mississippi 3,228 3,235 0.1% Missouri 12,136 17,870 0.3% Montana 1,794 3,101 0.3% Nebraska 3,551 4,069 0.2% Nevada 35,435 52,532 1.7% New Hampshire 1,236 1,792 0.1% New Jersey 15,777 14,621 0.2% New Mexico 5,750 6,012 0.3% New York 45,801 40,578 0.2% North Carolina 17,891 20,957 0.2% North Dakota 801 2,086 0.3% Northern Mariana Islands 24,891 46.2% Ohio 11,380 15,181 0.1% Oklahoma 9,052 15,026 0.4% Oregon 26,936 39,709 0.9% Pennsylvania 14,662 16,532 0.1% Puerto Rico 370 4,169 0.1% Rhode Island 2,803 2,331 0.2% South Carolina 6,988 8,737 0.2% South Dakota 1,040 1,642 0.2% Tennessee 9,359 11,008 0.2% Texas 54,801 77,196 0.3% Utah 37,994 59,247 1.8% Vermont 476 725 0.1% Virgin Islands (U. S.) 212 Virginia 17,233 22,226 0.3% Washington 73,213 114,189 1.5% West Virginia 1,295 1,726 0.1% Wisconsin 5,558 7,470 0.1% Wyoming 1,137 1,714 0.3% United States 1,332,494 0.4% 1,586,463 0.5%

Based on 2003 recruiting data, Pacific Islander Americans were 249% over represented in the military. American Samoans are distinguished among the wider Pacific Islander group for enthusiasm for enlistment. In 2007, a Chicago Tribune reporter covering the island's military service noted, "American Samoa is one of the few places in the nation where military recruiters not only meet their enlistment quotas but soundly exceed them." as of 2009, there have been 10 American Samoans who have died in Iraq, and 2 who have died in Afghanistan. Pacific Islander Americans are also represented in the United States Navy SEALs, making up .6% of the enlisted and .1% of the officers.