Куркен Деукмеджиан: Калифорнияның бұрынғы губернаторы

Governor of California from 1983 to 1991

Courken George Deukmejian Jr. (/dj//uː//k/'/m//eɪ//dʒ//ən/;
June 6, 1928 – May 8, 2018) was an American politician who served as the 35th governor of California from 1983 to 1991. A member of the Republican Party, he was the state's first governor of Armenian descent. Born in New York, Deukmejian moved to California in 1955. He was elected to the State Assembly in 1962 to represent Long Beach. Four years later he was elected into the State Senate and later served as the Senate's minority leader. In 1970, Deukmejian unsuccessfully ran for Attorney General of California, finishing fourth in the Republican primary. In 1978 he secured the nomination and defeated Yvonne Brathwaite Burke to become the state's 27th attorney general. As attorney general, he led a veto override against Governor Jerry Brown, who had vetoed legislation to authorize the death penalty in the state. After Governor Brown did not seek reelection in 1982, Deukmejian won the Republican nomination for governor and faced Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley in the general election. Although opinion polls showed that Bradley had a favorable lead in the race, Deukmejian narrowly won the election outright. In 1986, Deukmejian defeated Bradley again for a much larger victory. As governor, Deukmejian made a name for being tough on crime, presenting himself to be in favor of "law and order". Under his administration, the California prison population nearly tripled, and he increased spending for the building of new prisons. Deukmejian retired from front line politics in 1991 and was succeeded as governor by fellow Republican Pete Wilson.

Deukmejian was born Courken George Deukmejian Jr. in Menands, New York. His parents were Armenians born in the Armenian highlands, who emigrated from the Ottoman Empire (present day Turkey) to the United States in the early 1900s. His father, Courken George Deukmejian, whose sister was killed during the Armenian Genocide, Deukmejian's mother, Alice Gairden, was born in Erzurum; in the United States she worked for Montgomery Ward and later for New York State. Deukmejian attended local schools. For college, he graduated in 1949 with a B. A. in Sociology from Siena College. From 1953 to 1955, he served in the U. S. Army, assigned to the Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG). Deukmejian moved to California in 1955 where his sister, Anna Ashjian, was living and there was a large Armenian community. She introduced him to his future wife Gloria Saatjian, a bank teller whose parents were also immigrants from Armenia. He and his wife had three children: two daughters, born in 1964 and 1969; and one son, born in 1966.

Deukmejian entered politics in California after a short period of private legal practice in Long Beach alongside Malcolm M. Lucas. In 1962, Deukmejian was elected to represent Long Beach in the State Assembly. He was a high profile advocate for capital punishment. By 1969, he was the Majority Leader of the California State Senate. He won the election for Attorney General in 1978 and served from 1979 to 1983. Additionally, he led a veto override against Governor Jerry Brown, who had vetoed legislation to authorize the death penalty. One of his early primary backers was former gubernatorial candidate Joe Shell of Bakersfield, a conservative who had opposed Richard M. Nixon in the 1962 California primary. Upon his victory, The New York Times reported,
"The image that comes across of Mr. Deukmejian a devoted family man, an Episcopal churchman, an ice cream lover led one reporter to write, ''California may have accidentally elected Iowa's Governor.''" In the general election, Deukmejian ran as a conservative supporter of public safety and balanced budgets. Deukmejian narrowly defeated Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley in the general election. The victory came despite opinion polls leading up to the election that consistently showed Bradley with a lead, and despite exit polling conducted after voting closed that led some news organizations on the night of the election to make early projections of a Bradley victory. The discrepancy between the polling numbers and the election's ultimate results would come to be termed the "Bradley effect", which refers to a hypothesized tendency of white voters to tell interviewers or pollsters that they are undecided or likely to vote for a black candidate, but they actually vote for his opponent. He vowed not to raise taxes, later saying that he was "business friendly". In addition, he presented himself as a "law and order" candidate, proposing new efforts to fight crime. In 1984, he vetoed A. B. 1, the first bill to ban discrimination against gays and lesbians, which passed the Legislature. In 1986, Bradley sought a rematch, and Deukmejian defeated him by a 60% to 37% percent margin. He halted the hiring of new state employees and banned out of state travel for those in government. He rejected the legislature's demands for tax hikes, and pared $1.1 billion from its budget by selectively vetoing spending items. One year later, further cuts, along with a nationwide economic rebound that benefited the state, created a billion dollar surplus for 1985. His 1985 budget slightly increased spending in highway construction, but cut deeply into the education, health, welfare and environmental budgets. For this he was roundly criticized, and the cuts probably led to his low polling numbers at the end of his tenure as governor. Three years later, Deukmejian faced his own billion dollar deficit. He supported a raise in the state minimum wage in 1989. Deukmejian largely made his career by being tough on crime. Deukmejian did not seek reelection to a third term as governor in the 1990 gubernatorial elections. In 1991, in his last days in office, he vetoed the property tax exemption bill that applied to companies building solar in California. The veto led to the bankruptcy of Luz. He reentered public life by serving on special committees, including one to reform the California penal system, and a charter reform committee in his hometown of Long Beach. He oversaw a revamping of the UCLA Willed Body Program after a scandal involving the sale of human body parts donated for science. In 2013, a courthouse in Long Beach was named in his honor. Deukmejian received an honorary doctor of laws degree from California State University, Long Beach, in 2008, because of his support for education, state law, and Long Beach. In 2015, he was given the Key to the City of Long Beach.

Deukmejian died of natural causes at his home on May 8, 2018, at the age of 89. California Governor Jerry Brown said on Twitter: "George Deukmejian was a popular governor and made friends across the political aisle. Anne and I join all Californians in expressing our deepest condolences to his family and friends". He resided in the Belmont Park neighborhood of Long Beach for over 51 years. Throughout his adult life, he was a member of All Saints Episcopal Church in Long Beach.