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Введение
Американский футбольный тренер и функционер (1908–1991)
американский футбольный тренер и владелец
American football coach and executive (1908–1991)
the American football coach and owner
Пол Юджин Браун (7 сентября 1908 – 5 августа 1991) был американским футбольным тренером и функционером во Всеамериканской футбольной конференции (AAFC) и Национальной футбольной лиге (NFL). Браун был одним из основателей и первым тренером команды «Кливленд Браунс», названной в его честь, а позже стал одним из основателей «Цинциннати Бенгалс». Его команды выиграли семь чемпионатов лиги за 25 сезонов профессиональной тренерской карьеры. Браун начал свою тренерскую карьеру в школе «Северн» в 1931 году, прежде чем стать главным тренером по футболу в средней школе «Массильон Вашингтон» в Массильоне, штат Огайо, где он вырос. Его школьные команды проиграли всего 10 игр за 11 сезонов. Затем он был нанят в Университет штата Огайо и привел команду к первому в истории национальному чемпионату по футболу в 1942 году. После Второй мировой войны он стал главным тренером «Браунс», которые выиграли все четыре чемпионата AAFC, прежде чем присоединиться к NFL в 1950 году. Браун привел «Браунс» к трем чемпионствам NFL — в 1950, 1954 и 1955 годах — но был уволен в январе 1963 года из-за борьбы за власть с владельцем команды Артом Моделлом. В 1968 году Браун стал одним из основателей и первым тренером «Бенгалс». Он ушел с тренерского поста в 1975 году, но оставался президентом «Бенгалс» до своей смерти в 1991 году. «Бенгалс» назвали свой домашний стадион «Стадион Пола Брауна» в его честь. В 1967 году он был принят в Зал славы профессионального футбола. Брауну приписывают ряд инноваций в американском футболе. Он был первым тренером, который использовал записи игр для изучения соперников, нанял штатный персонал помощников и проверял игроков на знание тактики. Он изобрел современную маску для лица, тренировочный состав и розыгрыш с отводом. Он также сыграл роль в преодолении расовой сегрегации в профессиональном футболе, пригласив в свои команды первых афроамериканцев, игравших в профессиональный футбол в современную эпоху. Несмотря на эти достижения, Браун не пользовался всеобщей любовью. Он был строгим и властным, что часто приводило к конфликтам с игроками, которые хотели большего влияния на выбор игровых комбинаций. Эти споры, в сочетании с тем, что Браун не советовался с Моделлом по ключевым вопросам комплектования состава, привели к его увольнению с поста тренера «Браунс» в 1963 году.
Paul Eugene Brown (September 7, 1908 – August 5, 1991) was an American football coach and executive in the All America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL). Brown was both the co founder and first coach of the Cleveland Browns, a team named after him, and later co founded the Cincinnati Bengals. His teams won seven league championships in a professional coaching career spanning 25 seasons. Brown began his coaching career at Severn School in 1931 before becoming the head football coach at Massillon Washington High School in Massillon, Ohio, where he grew up. His high school teams lost only 10 games in 11 seasons. He was then hired at Ohio State University and coached the school to its first national football championship in 1942. After World War II, he became head coach of the Browns, who won all four AAFC championships before joining the NFL in 1950. Brown coached the Browns to three NFL championships — in 1950, 1954 and 1955 — but was fired in January 1963 amid a power struggle with team owner Art Modell. In 1968, Brown co founded and was the first coach of the Bengals. He retired from coaching in 1975 but remained the Bengals' team president until his death in 1991. The Bengals named their home stadium Paul Brown Stadium in his honor. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967. Brown is credited with a number of American football innovations. He was the first coach to use game film to scout opponents, hire a full time staff of assistants, and test players on their knowledge of a playbook. He invented the modern face mask, the practice squad and the draw play. He also played a role in breaking professional football's color barrier, bringing the first African Americans to play pro football in the modern era onto his teams. Despite these accomplishments, Brown was not universally liked. He was strict and controlling, which often brought him into conflict with players who wanted a greater say in play calling. These disputes, combined with Brown's failure to consult Modell on major personnel decisions, led to his firing as the Browns' coach in 1963.
Ранние годы
Браун вырос в Массиллоне, штат Огайо, куда его семья переехала из Норвока, когда ему было девять лет. Его отец, Лестер, работал диспетчером на железной дороге Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad. Массильон был городом, процветающим благодаря судоходству и сталелитейной промышленности, и был одержим своими школьной и профессиональной футбольными командами, обе из которых назывались "Тиграми". Главным соперником Массиллона на обоих уровнях был расположенный поблизости Кантон – более крупный и богатый город. Когда профессиональные команды прекратили своё существование в 1920-х годах, соперничество между школьными командами вышло на первый план. Браун поступил в среднюю школу Массильон-Вашингтон в 1922 году. Хотя в детстве он играл в футбол, Браун был недостаточно крупным для этой игры – его вес составлял менее 150 фунтов, и он поначалу сосредоточил свои спортивные усилия на прыжках с шестом. Гарри Стулдрехер, который впоследствии стал одним из легендарных "Четырех всадников" Нотр-Дам, в то время был квотербеком в старшей школе. Но тренер Массиллона Дэйв Стюарт заметил решимость Брауна добиться успеха в прыжках с шестом, несмотря на его небольшой рост, и пригласил его в футбольную команду; в 1924 году он стал стартовым квотербеком. В течение двух лет – на протяжении юниорского и старшего курсов Брауна в качестве стартового игрока – команда Массиллона одержала 15 побед при 3 поражениях. Браун окончил школу в 1925 году и в следующем году поступил в Университет штата Огайо, надеясь попасть в команду Buckeyes, но не смог пройти отбор. После первого курса он перевелся в Университет Майами в Оксфорде, штат Огайо, где стал стартовым квотербеком, сменив на этом посту Уиба Эубанка. Под руководством тренера Честера Питтсера в конце 1928 года Браун был включен в символическую сборную All-Ohio среди небольших колледжей (вторая команда) по версии Associated Press. За два сезона в Майами Браун привёл команду к рекорду 14 побед и 3 поражения. Он был членом отделения Каппа братства Дельта Каппа Эпсилон. В следующем году он женился на своей школьной подруге Кэти Кестер. Браун изучал юриспруденцию в Майами и рассматривал возможность изучения истории по стипендии Родса, но после окончания колледжа вместо этого получил свою первую работу тренера. По рекомендации Стюарта, в 1930 году его наняла частная подготовительная школа Severn School в Мэриленде.
Brown grew up in Massillon, Ohio, where he moved with his family from Norwalk when he was nine years of age. His father, Lester, was a dispatcher for the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad. Massillon was a shipping and steel town obsessed with its high school and professional football teams, both called the Tigers. Massillon's main rival at both levels was nearby Canton, a bigger and richer city. When the professional teams folded in the 1920s, the rivalry between the high school teams took center stage. Brown entered Massillon Washington High School in 1922. Although he played football as a child, Brown was undersized for the game at less than 150 pounds and at first focused his athletic energies on the pole vault. Harry Stuhldreher, who went on to be one of Notre Dame's legendary Four Horsemen, was then the high school quarterback. But Massillon coach Dave Stewart saw Brown's determination to be a good vaulter despite his small size and brought him onto the football team; as a junior in 1924, he took over as the starting quarterback. Massillon posted a win–loss record of 15–3 in Brown's junior and senior years as the starter. Brown graduated in 1925 and enrolled at Ohio State University the following year, hoping to make the Buckeyes team. He never got past the tryout phase. After his freshman year, he transferred to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he followed Weeb Ewbank as the school's starting quarterback. Under Coach Chester Pittser, Brown was named to the All Ohio small college second team by the Associated Press at the end of 1928. In two seasons at Miami, Brown guided the team to a 14–3 record. He was a member of the Kappa chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon. He married his high school sweetheart Katie Kester the following year. Brown had taken pre law at Miami and considered studying history on a Rhodes Scholarship, but after college he instead took his first job as a coach. On Stewart's recommendation, Severn School, a private prep school in Maryland, hired him in 1930.
Севернская школа
Браун провёл два очень успешных года в Северне. Команда не проиграла ни одного матча в его первый сезон и выиграла чемпионат штата Мэриленд. В 1931 году соотношение побед, поражений и ничьих команды составило 5–2–1. Общий счёт побед и поражений Брауна составил 12–2–1. После второго года в Массиллоне появилась вакансия главного тренера, и Браун принял это предложение.
Brown spent two very successful years at Severn. The team was undefeated in his first season and won the Maryland state championship. In 1931, the team's win loss tie record was 5–2–1. Brown's overall record was 12–2–1. After his second year, Massillon's head coaching job became available, and Brown took the position.
Тигры Массильона
Браун вернулся в Массильон в 1932 году, когда ему было 24 года и он едва два года как закончил колледж. Его задачей было преобразить команду «Тигры», которая за шесть сезонов после ухода Стюарта, своего бывшего тренера, скатилась к посредственности. В 1931 году, за год до приезда Брауна, «Тигры» завершили сезон с результатом 2–6–2. Стратегия Брауна заключалась в создании дисциплинированной и трудолюбивой команды. Он уволил одного из помощников тренера за опоздание на тренировку из-за работы на ферме. Ни одному игроку «Тигров» не разрешалось сидеть на скамейке во время игры – Браун заставлял их стоять. В Массиллоне Браун внедрил атаку и схему блокировки, которые он перенял у Джимми Дехарта из Дьюка и Нобла Кизера из Пердью. Он делал акцент на быстроте, а не на силе. В свой первый сезон в Массиллоне команда Брауна показала результат 5–4–1, что было лучше, чем в предыдущем году, но далеко не соответствовало высоким требованиям Брауна. В 1933 году «Тигры» снова улучшили свои результаты, завершив сезон с 8–2, но проиграли своим главным соперникам, команде «Бульдоги» из средней школы Кантон Маккинли. В 1934 году Массильон выиграл все свои игры, пока не потерпел поражение со счетом 21–6 от Кантона в последней игре сезона. По мере того как давление на Брауна росло, чтобы добиться реванша над Кантоном, Массильон наконец-то достиг этой цели в следующем году, проведя непобедимый сезон – первый из нескольких под руководством Брауна. К тому времени Браун внедрил свою систему: строгий, систематический подход к тренировкам в сочетании с хорошо организованной сетью по поиску перспективных молодых игроков из футбольной программы младших классов Массиллона. Он не обращал внимания на расу и привлек в команду нескольких афроамериканских игроков в то время, когда многие северные школы исключали их. В последующие пять сезонов Массильон проиграл только одну игру – со счетом 7–0 команде из Нью-Касла, штат Пенсильвания, в 1937 году, после того как несколько игроков заболели гриппом. По мере роста престижа «Тигров» Браун в 1936 году убедил школу построить новый стадион, почти в три раза больше существующего стадиона на 7000 мест. Стадион был завершен в 1939 году и теперь носит имя Брауна. Вершиной карьеры Брауна в Массиллоне стала победа в сезоне 1940 года над средней школой Уэйт из Толедо. «Тигры» и Уэйт оба завершили сезон 1939 года без поражений и оба претендовали на звание чемпиона штата. Команды решили выяснить победителя в следующем году, и команда Брауна выиграла со счетом 28–0. Команда Массиллона 1940 года до сих пор считается историками одной из лучших в истории футбола в средних школах штата. В предсезонном спарринге «Массиллон Тайгерс» сыграли с «Золотыми вспышками» Кентского государственного университета и победили старшую команду колледжа со счетом 47–0. За девять лет в Массиллоне Браун изобрел playbook – подробный перечень формаций и розыгрышей – и проверял своих игроков на знание этого материала. Он также впервые стал использовать практику отправки розыгрышей квотербеку со скамейки запасных с помощью сигналов руками. Его общий рекорд в школе составил 80–8–2, включая 35-матчевую победную серию. В период с 1935 по 1940 год команда пять раз выигрывала чемпионат штата по футболу и четыре раза – национальный чемпионат среди школьных команд, опередив соперников на 2393 очка против 168 за этот период. После ранних поражений от Кантона «Тигры» обыграли «Бульдогов» шесть раз подряд. Наследие Брауна в Массиллоне до сих пор чтится: игроки «Тигров» носят его инициалы на переднем плече своей формы, а портрет Брауна постоянно выставляется на табло стадиона «Тайгер» Пола Брауна.
Brown returned to Massillon in 1932, when he was 24 years old and barely two years out of college. His assignment was to turn around a Tigers team that had fallen into mediocrity over the six seasons since the departure of Stewart, Brown's old coach. In 1931, the year before Brown arrived, the Tigers finished with a 2–6–2 record. Brown's strategy was to build up a disciplined, hard working team. He fired an assistant early on for arriving at a practice late because he had to work on his farm. No Tigers player was allowed to sit on the bench during a game; Brown made them stand. At Massillon, Brown put in an offense and blocking scheme he learned from Duke's Jimmy DeHart and Purdue's Noble Kizer. He emphasized quickness over strength. In his first season at Massillon, Brown's team posted a 5–4–1 record, better than the previous year but far from Brown's exacting standards. The Tigers improved again in 1933, ending with an 8–2 record but losing to their chief rivals, the Canton McKinley High School Bulldogs. In 1934, Massillon won all of its games until a 21–6 defeat to Canton in the final game of the season. As the pressure on Brown grew to turn the tables on Canton, Massillon finally accomplished the feat the following year in an undefeated season, the first of several with Brown at the helm. By then, Brown had put his system into place: a strict, systematic approach to coaching combined with a well organized recruitment network that drew promising young players from Massillon's junior high school football program. He paid no attention to race, and brought several African American players onto the team at a time when many northern schools excluded them. In the ensuing five seasons, Massillon lost only one game, a 7–0 defeat at New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1937 after several players came down with the flu. As the Tigers' prestige grew, Brown in 1936 convinced the school to build a new stadium almost triple the size of the existing 7,000 seat facility. The stadium was finished in 1939, and is now named after Brown. The pinnacle of Brown's career at Massillon was a victory in the 1940 season against Toledo's Waite High School. The Tigers and Waite both went undefeated in the 1939 season, and both claimed the state championship. The teams decided to settle the score the following year, and Brown's team won 28–0. The Massillon 1940 squad is still regarded by historians as one of the best in the history of state high school football. In a pre season scrimmage, the Massillon Tigers played the Kent State University Golden Flashes, and defeated the older college team 47–0. During his nine years at Massillon, Brown invented the playbook, a detailed listing of formations and set plays, and tested his players on their knowledge of it. He also originated the practice of sending in plays to his quarterback from the sideline using hand signals. His overall record at the school was 80–8–2, including a 35 game winning streak. Between 1935 and 1940, the team won the state football championship five times and won the High School Football National Championship four times, outscoring opponents by 2,393 points to 168 over that span. After the early losses to Canton, the Tigers beat the Bulldogs six straight times. Brown's legacy in Massillon is still honored to this day: the Tiger teams wear his initials on the front shoulder of their uniforms, and a portrait of Brown is permanently displayed on the scoreboard of Paul Brown Tiger Stadium.
Огайо Стейт Баккейз
Успех Брауна в Массиллоне значительно повысил его известность в Огайо; люди стали называть его «Чудо-творцем Массиллона». Когда в 1940 году штат Огайо искал нового тренера – Фрэнсис Шмидт ушел после трех подряд поражений от принципиального соперника, «Мичиган Уолверинс» – Браун был кандидатом на эту должность. Представители штата Огайо скептически относились к переходу 33-летнего специалиста в студенческий футбол, но опасались потерять талантливых старшеклассников, лояльных Брауну, если не заключат с ним контракт. Штат Огайо предложил Брауну зарплату в 6500 долларов (в долларах), примерно на 1500 долларов выше, чем он получал в Массиллоне. Он согласился в январе 1941 года и немедленно приступил к внедрению своей строгой системы. Игроков тренировали и проверяли знаниями, а Браун сосредоточился на подготовке первокурсников к роли основных игроков, когда старшие курсы закончат обучение. Он тренировал игроков, делая акцент на быстроте, приняв 40-ярдовый спринт в качестве показателя скорости, поскольку именно такое расстояние игрокам нужно было пробежать, чтобы накрыть пант. Первый год Брауна в штате Огайо оказался успешным. В 1941 году «Баккиз» выиграли шесть из восьми игр; единственное поражение было от Северо-Западного университета и его звездного квотербека Отто Грэма. Последняя игра сезона завершилась ничьей 20:20 с «Мичиганом», что болельщики команды сочли хорошим результатом, учитывая, что «Огайо» считался явным аутсайдером. «Баккиз» разделили второе место в Западной конференции, объединении студенческих команд со Среднего Запада США (ныне известной как Big Ten), и заняли 13-е место в рейтинге AP. Браун занял четвертое место в голосовании за национального тренера года. Нападение Японии на Перл-Харбор 7 декабря 1941 года угрожало сорвать сезон 1942 года, но большинство студенческих команд продолжили играть, корректируя расписание, чтобы включить в него военные команды, состоящие из игроков, проходящих военную службу. «Баккиз» открыли сезон победой над командой Форт-Нокс со счетом 59:0, за которой последовали еще две победы над Южной Калифорнией и Университетом Индианы. В первом рейтинге AP сезона штат Огайо занял первое место в стране, чего команда добилась впервые. Команда 1942 года состояла в основном из игроков, отобранных Брауном, включая Билла Уиллиса, Данте Лавелли и звездного полузащитника Леса Хорвата. В середине сезона «Баккиз» проиграли Университету Висконсина после того, как несколько игроков выпили некачественной воды и заболели. Это было единственное поражение команды в сезоне, который завершился победой над «Мичиганом» со счетом 21:7. «Баккиз» выиграли Западную конференцию и завоевали свой первый национальный титул, завершив сезон на вершине рейтинга AP. Сезон 1943 года стал катастрофой для Брауна и «Баккиз». Ослабленные военным призывом и столкнувшись с жесткой конкуренцией со стороны команд, базирующихся на армейских и военно-морских базах, Браун был вынужден играть с 17-летними новобранцами, которые еще не были призваны на военную службу. Штат Огайо присоединился к программе специализированной подготовки армии, которая не позволяла ее курсантам участвовать в соревнованиях высшей лиги, в то время как такие школы, как «Мичиган» и «Пурдью», стали частью программы подготовки В-12 ВМС, которая это позволяла. «Баккиз» завершили сезон с результатом 3–6. За три сезона в штате Огайо Браун показал результат 18–8–1.
Brown's success at Massillon raised his profile in Ohio considerably; people started calling him the "Miracle Man of Massillon." When Ohio State was looking for a new coach in 1940 – Francis Schmidt left after losing to the rival Michigan Wolverines three times in a row – Brown was a candidate for the job. Ohio State officials were skeptical about the 33 year old making the transition to college football but were worried that they might lose talented high school recruits loyal to Brown if they did not sign him. Ohio State offered Brown a $6,500 salary ($ in dollars), about $1,500 above his Massillon pay. He accepted in January 1941 and immediately began to institute his rigorous system. Players were drilled and quizzed, and Brown focused on preparing the freshmen to take starting roles as graduating seniors left. He conditioned his players to emphasize quickness, adopting the 40 yard dash as a measure of speed because that was the distance players needed to run to cover a punt. Brown's first year at Ohio State was a success. The Buckeyes won six of eight games in 1941; the only loss was to Northwestern University and its star quarterback, Otto Graham. The final game of the season was a 20–20 tie with Michigan, which the school's supporters saw as a good outcome given that Ohio State was a heavy underdog. The Buckeyes tied for second place in the Western Conference, a grouping of college teams from the Midwestern United States (now known as the Big Ten), and finished 13th in the AP Poll. Brown was fourth in balloting for national Coach of the Year. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, threatened to derail the 1942 season, but most college teams played on, adjusting schedules to include military teams composed of players serving in the military. The Buckeyes opened the season by beating a Fort Knox team 59–0, followed by two more wins against Southern California and Indiana University. In the first AP Poll of the season, Ohio State was ranked best in the nation, the first time the school had achieved that mark. The 1942 team was the first composed mainly of players hand picked by Brown, including Bill Willis, Dante Lavelli and star halfback Les Horvath. In the middle of the season, the Buckeyes lost to the University of Wisconsin after numerous players drank bad water and got sick. That was the team's only loss of the season, which culminated with a 21–7 victory over Michigan. The Buckeyes won the Western Conference and claimed their first ever national title after finishing the season at the top of the AP Poll. The 1943 season was a disaster for Brown and the Buckeyes. Depleted by the military draft and facing tough competition from teams on Army and Navy bases, Brown was forced to play 17 year old recruits who had not yet enlisted. Ohio State had affiliated itself with the Army Specialized Training Program, which did not allow its trainees to participate in varsity sports, while schools such as Michigan and Purdue became part of the Navy's V 12 training program, which did. The Buckeyes ended with a 3–6 record. In three seasons at Ohio State, Brown amassed an 18–8–1 record.
Голубокожие озера
В 1944 году Браун был классифицирован как 1А и произведен в лейтенанты ВМС США. Он служил на военно-морской учебной станции Великих озер близ Чикаго в качестве главного тренера футбольной команды «Bluejackets», которая соревновалась с другими военно-морскими и студенческими командами. Станция служила промежуточным пунктом для новобранцев ВМС между обучением и действительной военной службой во время Второй мировой войны, но ее командование серьезно относилось к спорту и рассматривало победы как способ поднять боевой дух и предмет личной гордости. Брауна могли призвать на действительную службу – его предшественник Тони Хинкл уже служил в Тихом океане, – но к моменту прибытия Брауна война начала идти на спад. У Брауна было мало времени на внедрение своей системы, поэтому он перенял наступательную схему Хинкла, заимствованную у «Чикаго Беарз». В его составе было несколько талантливых игроков, включая защитника Джорджа Янга и полузащитника Ару Парсегиана. В 1944 году команда проиграла «Огайо Стейт» и «Нотр-Дам», но завершила сезон с результатом 9–2–1 и вошла в число 20 лучших команд по версии AP Poll. В сентябре 1944 года Арч Уорд, влиятельный спортивный редактор «Chicago Tribune», предложил создать новую профессиональную футбольную лигу из восьми команд под названием All-America Football Conference (AAFC), чтобы конкурировать с более устоявшейся Национальной футбольной лигой (NFL) после окончания войны. Уорд привлек богатых владельцев для новой лиги, в которую вошли команды из Лос-Анджелеса, Нью-Йорка, Сан-Франциско и Кливленда. Артур Б. «Микки» Макбрайд, владелец таксопарка, заработавший состояние на газетном бизнесе, был владельцем франшизы из Кливленда. Когда Браун готовился к сезону «Bluejackets» 1945 года, Уорд от имени Макбрайда предложил Брауну возглавить новую команду. Макбрайд предлагал 17 500 долларов в год (что эквивалентно сегодняшним долларам) – больше, чем получал любой тренер на любом уровне, – и полный контроль над футбольными вопросами. Браун также получил долю в команде и стипендию, пока служил в армии. Эта история до сих пор является городской легендой. Однако Пол Браун никогда не подтверждал историю о Джо Луисе, а позже в жизни признался, что она была ложной, выдуманной, чтобы отвлечь нежелательное внимание, вызванное тем, что команда была названа в его честь. Сейчас и «Браунс», и НФЛ поддерживают позицию, что команда действительно была названа в честь Пола Брауна. С укомплектованным составом и выбранным названием команды Браун приступил к созданию династии. «Я хочу стать тем, кем являются «Нью-Йорк Янкиз» в бейсболе или Бен Хоган в гольфе», – сказал он. После тренировочного лагеря в Университете Боулинг-Грин «Браунс» провели свою первую игру в сентябре 1946 года на стадионе в Кливленде. На игру пришли 60 135 зрителей, чтобы увидеть победу «Браунс» над «Майами Сихокс» со счетом 44–0, что стало тогда рекордным показателем посещаемости профессионального футбола. Это положило начало серии побед; команда завершила сезон с результатом 12–2 и заняла первое место в западном дивизионе AAFC. Затем «Браунс» победили «Нью-Йорк Янкиз» из AAFC в чемпионском матче. В 1947 году Кливленд снова выиграл чемпионат AAFC, продемонстрировав атаку, которая использовала пасы вперед чаще и эффективнее, чем было принято в то время. Успех «Браунс» в атаке был обусловлен версией T-формации Брауна, которая постепенно вытесняла однокрылую формацию как самую популярную и эффективную схему в футболе. В сезоне 1948 года «Браунс» выиграли все свои матчи, что не удавалось повторить до тех пор, пока «Майами Долфинс» (под руководством ученика Брауна Дона Шулы) не сделали это в 1972 году. Кливленд выиграл чемпионат AAFC в четвертый раз подряд в 1949 году. Однако к тому времени лига боролась за выживание, отчасти из-за доминирования «Браунс». Посещаемость матчей снизилась в 1948 и 1949 годах, поскольку болельщики потеряли интерес к односторонним победам, и в конце сезона 1949 года AAFC прекратила свое существование. Три ее команды – «Сан-Франциско Форти Найнерс», «Балтимор Колтс» и «Браунс» – объединились с НФЛ. «Браунс» приобрели нескольких хороших бывших игроков AAFC из других команд, включая нападающего Абе Гиброна и защитника Лена Форда, но некоторые наблюдатели считали команду Брауна единственным выдающимся коллективом в лиге второго уровня.
Brown was classified 1 A in 1944 and commissioned as a lieutenant in the U. S. Navy. He served at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station outside Chicago as head coach of its Bluejacket football team, which competed against other service teams and college programs. The station was a waypoint for Navy recruits between training and active service in World War II, but its commanders took athletics seriously and saw winning as a morale booster and a point of personal pride. Brown could have been called up for active duty – Tony Hinkle, his predecessor, was already serving in the Pacific – but the war began to wind down as Brown arrived. Brown had little time to institute his system, and instead adopted Hinkle's offensive scheme, borrowed from the Chicago Bears. He had a smattering of talented players, including defensive end George Young and halfback Ara Parseghian. In 1944, the team lost to Ohio State and Notre Dame, but finished with a 9–2–1 record and was among the top 20 teams in the AP Poll. In September 1944, Arch Ward, the influential sports editor of the Chicago Tribune, proposed a new eight team professional football league called the All America Football Conference (AAFC) to compete against the more established National Football League (NFL) once the war was over. Ward lined up wealthy owners for the new league, which included teams in Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco and Cleveland. Arthur B. "Mickey" McBride, a taxi cab magnate who made a fortune in the newspaper business, was the owner of the Cleveland franchise. As Brown was preparing for the 1945 Bluejackets season, Ward came on McBride's behalf to ask Brown if he wanted to coach the new team. McBride offered $17,500 a year ($ in today's dollars) – more than any coach at any level and full authority over football matters. He also received a stake in the team and a stipend while he was still in the military. and it continues as an urban legend to this day. However, Paul Brown never held fast to the Joe Louis story, and later in his life admitted that it was false, invented to deflect unwanted attention arising from the team being named after him. The Browns and the NFL now both support the position that the team was indeed named after Paul Brown. With the roster fixed and the team's name chosen, Brown set out to build a dynasty. "I want to be what the New York Yankees are in baseball or Ben Hogan is in golf", he said. After a training camp at Bowling Green State University, the Browns played their first game in September 1946 at Cleveland Stadium. A crowd of 60,135 people showed up to see the Browns beat the Miami Seahawks 44–0, then a record attendance mark for professional football. That touched off a string of wins; the team ended the season with a 12–2 record and the top spot in the AAFC's western division. The Browns then beat the AAFC's New York Yankees in the championship. Cleveland won the AAFC championship again in 1947 behind an offensive attack that employed the forward pass more frequently and effectively than was typical at the time. The Browns' offensive success was driven by Brown's version of the T formation, which was gradually replacing the single wing formation as football's most popular and effective scheme. The Browns won every game in the 1948 season, a feat that went unmatched until the Miami Dolphins (coached by Brown disciple Don Shula) did it in 1972. Cleveland then won the AAFC championship for the fourth time in a row in 1949. By then, however, the league was struggling for survival, due in part to the Browns' dominance. Attendance at games dwindled in 1948 and 1949 as fans lost interest in lopsided victories, and at the end of the 1949 season the AAFC dissolved. Three of its teams, the San Francisco 49ers, the Baltimore Colts and the Browns, merged into the NFL. The Browns picked up a few good former AAFC players from other teams, including offensive guard Abe Gibron and defensive end Len Ford, but some observers saw Brown's team as the lone standout in an otherwise minor league.
Наследие
Хотя Браун тренировал десятки успешных команд на уровне старшей школы, колледжа и профессиональных лиг, его властный характер и резкая критика сделали его непопулярным среди многих игроков. Браун был методичным и дисциплинированным тренером, не допускавшим отклонений от своей системы. Самолеты его профессиональных команд не ждали опаздывающих игроков; любой, кто пропустил рейс, должен был самостоятельно найти другой и заплатить Брауну штраф. Когда "Браунс" тренировались дважды в день в тренировочном лагере, каждая сессия длилась ровно 55 минут. Регулярные тренировки в течение сезона длились час и 12 минут. Игроки, совершавшие ошибки в играх, подвергались насмешкам во время разбора игровых моментов на пленке. "Со временем появилась поговорка", – вспоминал спустя годы защитник "Браунс" Кен Конц. – "Есть правильный путь, неправильный путь и путь Пола Брауна". Если ты делал все по-Брауновски, ты был прав. Он был очень строгим тренером и требовал беспрекословного подчинения". Браун также был жестким переговорщиком по зарплатам, часто отказывая игрокам в повышении, несмотря на их высокие результаты. Спортсмены называли его "холодным и жестоким" и говорили игрокам быть "готовыми бороться за свое финансовое благополучие". "Когда я подписал контракт с Полом, он считал, что 1000 долларов – это 10 миллионов", – говорил Джин Хикерсон, лайнмен, игравший за "Браунс" в конце 1950-х и 1960-х годов. Скупость Брауна в вопросах зарплат расстраивала его игроков и стала одним из стимулов для создания Ассоциации игроков Национальной футбольной лиги, представляющей интересы игроков в отношениях с лигой. Игроки "Браунс", включая Данте Лавелли и Абе Гиброна, помогли основать профсоюз в 1956 году вместе с адвокатом и бывшим помощником тренера "Браунс" Крейтоном Миллером. Браун был настолько возмущен профсоюзом, что распорядился ретушировать командную фотографию 1946 года, чтобы удалить с нее Миллера. Его конфликтный уход из "Кливленда" также вызвал критику. Победы его команд помогали скрывать его жесткие методы и потребность в контроле, но активное участие Моделла в управлении командой выявило их. Несмотря на то, что Моделл был владельцем команды, Браун отказывался уступать какую-либо власть и поддерживать дипломатические отношения с ним. Моделл считал, что Браун не желает адаптироваться к футболу начала 1960-х годов. Многие игроки того времени с ним соглашались. "Пол не приспособился к изменениям в игре", – сказал в 1997 году бывший корнербек "Браунс" Берни Пэрриш. – "К 1962 году он больше беспокоился о защите своей репутации величайшего тренера в истории, чем о завоевании титула. К концу сезона 1962 года многие из нас хотели быть обмененными, потому что были уверены, что с Полом Брауном мы никогда не выиграем титул, и мы никогда не верили, что Пол Браун куда-нибудь уйдет". После увольнения Браун до конца жизни хранил обиду на Моделла. Он так и не простил Коллиеру того, что тот занял его место, хотя Коллиер и получил его благословение. Несмотря на критику в адрес его авторитарного стиля руководства и напряженных отношений, Браун сыграл значительную роль в эволюции и модернизации футбола. Изобретенный им розыгрыш с обманом – схема, в которой квотербек отходит назад для паса, но затем передает мяч бегущему – до сих пор широко используется. В своей автобиографии Браун рассказал, что этот розыгрыш возник случайно в 1946 году, когда Грэм допустил ошибку и импровизировал, сделав позднюю передачу Марион Мотли, который пробежал мимо нападающих защитников, набрав значительное количество ярдов. Он разработал детальные схемы передач, предназначенные для использования уязвимостей в обороне. Брауну также приписывают создание кармана квотербека – схемы защиты наступательной линии, предназначенной для того, чтобы дать квотербеку несколько дополнительных секунд для поиска открытого принимающего. Однако главный вклад Брауна в игру заключался не в разработке новых розыгрышей, а в организации и управлении командами. До Брауна футбол считался хаотичным мероприятием, где победа была результатом в основном физической силы. Мало тренеров серьезно относились к стратегии и подготовке. Браун, напротив, нанял штатных помощников, проверял своих игроков на интеллект и знание розыгрышей, ввел строгую организацию тренировок и анализировал игровые записи, чтобы получить преимущество над соперниками. Браун создал детальную систему скаутинга молодых игроков из колледжей, чтобы улучшить драфт "Браунс". Успех этого систематического подхода заставил другие команды последовать его примеру. Большинство организационных инноваций Брауна до сих пор используются. "Никто, абсолютно никто, не обладал таким полным командованием и уважением, как Пол Браун", – сказал в 1997 году Пол Виггин, бывший лайнмен "Браунс". – "Я считаю, что Пол Браун мог бы стать генералом в армии – поручи ему что-нибудь, и он был бы одним из тех особенных людей, которые могут организовать и руководить". Подход Брауна повлиял на будущие поколения тренеров и до сих пор оказывает влияние. Люди, с которыми он работал напрямую, включая Дона Шулу, Уиба Эубанка, Чака Нолла и Билла Уолша, в той или иной степени переняли его систему. Хотя пребывание Брауна в "Кливленде" закончилось с горечью, этот тренер был плодовитым новатором. Одним из факторов успеха Брауна было его решение нанять штатных тренеров по отдельным позициям, что было отходом от нормы в эпоху, когда большинство ассистентов подрабатывали в межсезонье, чтобы свести концы с концами. Браун также изобрел тренировочную команду, известную в то время как "такси-команда", группу перспективных игроков, которые не попали в основной состав, но оставались в резерве. Владелец команды Мики МакБрайд включил их в штат своей таксомоторной компании, хотя они и не работали таксистами. Браун сажал своих игроков в классы и безжалостно проверял их знание игровых схем, требуя, чтобы они переписывали каждый розыгрыш в отдельную тетрадь для лучшего запоминания. Он был немногословным человеком, и его критика игроков часто была беспощадной и резкой. Он запрещал игрокам пить, не разрешал курить на публике и требовал носить пальто и галстуки во время выездных поездок. Им не разрешалось заниматься сексом после вторника вечером во время сезона. По словам Пэта Саммерволла, Браун однажды обменял игрока, будущего члена Зала славы Дуга Аткинса, за то, что тот громко отрыгнул во время командного собрания. Он был первым тренером, который использовал тесты на интеллект для оценки игроков, изучал соперников с помощью игровых записей и отдавал указания квотербеку через лайнменов в качестве посыльных. Он изобрел розыгрыш с обманом и помог разработать современную маску для лица после того, как Лен Форд и Отто Грэм получили травмы лица. Несмотря на критику в адрес тренерского стиля Брауна, Джим Браун сказал, что он правильно интегрировал футбол:
Although Brown coached dozens of successful teams at the high school, college and professional levels, his controlling personality and sharp criticisms made him unpopular with many players. Brown was a methodical and disciplined coach who tolerated no deviation from his system. His professional teams' planes did not wait for players who were late; anyone who missed the flight was forced to find one on his own and pay a fine to Brown. When the Browns practiced twice in a day in training camp, each session was exactly 55 minutes. Regular practices during the season lasted an hour and 12 minutes. Players who made mistakes in games were held up for ridicule during film review sessions. "There got to be a saying", longtime Browns safety Ken Konz said years later. "'There's a right way, a wrong way and the Paul Brown way.' If you did it the Paul Brown way, you were right. He was a very strict coach, and he expected you to toe the line." Brown was also a tough negotiator over salaries, often refusing to give players raises despite strong performance. He was called "cold and brutal" by sportswriters, and told players to be "ready to fight for your financial lives". "When I signed with Paul, he felt that $1,000 was $10 million", said Gene Hickerson, a guard who played for the Browns in the late 1950s and 1960s. Brown's stingy approach to salaries frustrated his players and was a motivating force behind the formation of the National Football League Players Association, which represents players' interests in dealings with the league. Browns players including Dante Lavelli and Abe Gibron helped found the union in 1956 along with lawyer and former Browns assistant coach Creighton Miller. Brown was so annoyed by the union that he had a 1946 team photo in his office touched up to remove Miller. Brown's acrimonious departure from Cleveland was another source of criticism. His teams' winning ways had helped obscure his harsh methods and need for control, but Modell's active involvement in the team exposed them. Despite that Modell owned the team, Brown refused to cede any authority or be diplomatic in his relationship with Modell. Modell felt Brown was unwilling to adapt to the way football was played in the early 1960s. Many players from that time agreed. "Paul didn't adjust to the changes in the game", former Browns cornerback Bernie Parrish said in 1997. "By 1962, he was more worried about protecting his reputation as the Greatest Coach Who Ever Lived than he was about winning a title. By the end of the 1962 season, a lot of us wanted to be traded because we were convinced that we'd never win a title with Paul Brown – and we never believed Paul Brown was going anywhere." After his firing, Brown held a grudge against Modell for the rest of his life. He never forgave Collier for taking over as coach when he left, even though Collier had asked for and received his blessing. Although he was criticized for his autocratic coaching style and strained relationships, Brown played a significant role in the evolution and modernization of football. The draw play he invented – a formation in which the quarterback drops back to pass but then hands off the ball to a running back – is still in wide use. In his autobiography, Brown said the play came about by accident in 1946 when Graham botched a play and improvised by making a late handoff to Marion Motley, who ran past the onrushing defenders for a large gain. He developed detailed passing patterns that were designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the defense. Brown is also credited with the creation of the passer's pocket, an offensive line protection scheme that is designed to buy a quarterback a few extra seconds to find the open receiver. Brown's main contribution to the game, however, was not to the development of new plays but to the organization and administration of teams. Before Brown, football was seen as a chaotic affair where winning was a product mostly of physical prowess. Few coaches took strategy and preparation seriously. Brown, by contrast, hired a full time staff of assistants, tested his players on their intelligence and their knowledge of plays, instituted strict organization of practices and analyzed game film to get an edge on opponents. Brown created a detailed system for scouting college talent as a means to improve the Browns' college draft. The success of this systematic approach forced other teams to follow. Most of Brown's organizational innovations are still in use today. "No one, I mean no one, has ever had total command and respect like Paul Brown", Paul Wiggin, a former Browns defensive end, said in 1997. "I believe that Paul Brown could have been a general in the Army you put Paul Brown in charge of anything and he would have been one of those special people who could organize and lead." Brown's approach influenced future generations of coaches down to the present day. Men he worked directly with, including Don Shula, Weeb Ewbank, Chuck Noll and Bill Walsh, all adopted his system to some degree. While Brown's tenure in Cleveland ended in bitterness, the coach was a prolific innovator with the team. One factor in Brown's success was his decision to hire a full time staff of dedicated position coaches, a break from the norm in an era when most assistants took second jobs in the offseason to make ends meet. Brown also invented the practice squad, known in that era as the taxi squad, a group of promising players who did not make the roster but were kept on reserve. Team owner Mickey McBride put them on the payroll of his taxi company, although they did not drive cabs. Brown sat his players down in classrooms and relentlessly tested them on their knowledge of the playbook, requiring them to copy down every play in a separate notebook for better retention. He was a terse man, and his criticisms of players were often withering and ruthless. He prohibited players from drinking, told them not to smoke in public, and made coats and ties mandatory on road trips. They were not to have sex after Tuesday night during the season. According to Pat Summerall, Brown once traded a player, future Hall of Famer Doug Atkins, for burping out loud during a team meeting. He was the first coach to use intelligence tests to evaluate players, scout opponents using game films and call plays for his quarterback using guards as messengers. He invented the draw play and helped develop the modern face mask after Len Ford and Otto Graham suffered facial injuries. Although critical of Brown's coaching, Jim Brown said he integrated football in the right way:
Paul Brown integrated pro football without uttering a single word about integration. He just went out, signed a bunch of great black athletes, and started kicking butt. That's how you do it. You don't talk about it. Paul never said one word about race. But this was a time in sports when you'd play in some cities and the white players could stay at the nice hotel, but the blacks had to stay in the homes of some black families in town. But not with Paul. We always stayed in hotels that took the entire team. Again, he never said a word. But in his own way, the man integrated football the right way – and no one was going to stop him. The Bengals stadium was named in his honor until 2022. He was a member of the Bengals' inaugural Ring of Honor class in 2021.
Пол Браун интегрировал профессиональный футбол, не произнеся ни слова об интеграции. Он просто вышел и подписал кучу отличных темнокожих спортсменов и начал побеждать. Вот как это делается. Не нужно об этом говорить. Пол никогда не сказал ни слова о расе. Но в то время в спорте бывало так, что белые игроки могли останавливаться в хороших отелях, а темнокожим приходилось жить в домах чернокожих семей в городе. Но не с Полом. Мы всегда останавливались в отелях, которые принимали всю команду. Опять же, он ничего не говорил. Но по-своему он правильно интегрировал футбол, и никто не мог его остановить.
Although Brown coached dozens of successful teams at the high school, college and professional levels, his controlling personality and sharp criticisms made him unpopular with many players. Brown was a methodical and disciplined coach who tolerated no deviation from his system. His professional teams' planes did not wait for players who were late; anyone who missed the flight was forced to find one on his own and pay a fine to Brown. When the Browns practiced twice in a day in training camp, each session was exactly 55 minutes. Regular practices during the season lasted an hour and 12 minutes. Players who made mistakes in games were held up for ridicule during film review sessions. "There got to be a saying", longtime Browns safety Ken Konz said years later. "'There's a right way, a wrong way and the Paul Brown way.' If you did it the Paul Brown way, you were right. He was a very strict coach, and he expected you to toe the line." Brown was also a tough negotiator over salaries, often refusing to give players raises despite strong performance. He was called "cold and brutal" by sportswriters, and told players to be "ready to fight for your financial lives". "When I signed with Paul, he felt that $1,000 was $10 million", said Gene Hickerson, a guard who played for the Browns in the late 1950s and 1960s. Brown's stingy approach to salaries frustrated his players and was a motivating force behind the formation of the National Football League Players Association, which represents players' interests in dealings with the league. Browns players including Dante Lavelli and Abe Gibron helped found the union in 1956 along with lawyer and former Browns assistant coach Creighton Miller. Brown was so annoyed by the union that he had a 1946 team photo in his office touched up to remove Miller. Brown's acrimonious departure from Cleveland was another source of criticism. His teams' winning ways had helped obscure his harsh methods and need for control, but Modell's active involvement in the team exposed them. Despite that Modell owned the team, Brown refused to cede any authority or be diplomatic in his relationship with Modell. Modell felt Brown was unwilling to adapt to the way football was played in the early 1960s. Many players from that time agreed. "Paul didn't adjust to the changes in the game", former Browns cornerback Bernie Parrish said in 1997. "By 1962, he was more worried about protecting his reputation as the Greatest Coach Who Ever Lived than he was about winning a title. By the end of the 1962 season, a lot of us wanted to be traded because we were convinced that we'd never win a title with Paul Brown – and we never believed Paul Brown was going anywhere." After his firing, Brown held a grudge against Modell for the rest of his life. He never forgave Collier for taking over as coach when he left, even though Collier had asked for and received his blessing. Although he was criticized for his autocratic coaching style and strained relationships, Brown played a significant role in the evolution and modernization of football. The draw play he invented – a formation in which the quarterback drops back to pass but then hands off the ball to a running back – is still in wide use. In his autobiography, Brown said the play came about by accident in 1946 when Graham botched a play and improvised by making a late handoff to Marion Motley, who ran past the onrushing defenders for a large gain. He developed detailed passing patterns that were designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the defense. Brown is also credited with the creation of the passer's pocket, an offensive line protection scheme that is designed to buy a quarterback a few extra seconds to find the open receiver. Brown's main contribution to the game, however, was not to the development of new plays but to the organization and administration of teams. Before Brown, football was seen as a chaotic affair where winning was a product mostly of physical prowess. Few coaches took strategy and preparation seriously. Brown, by contrast, hired a full time staff of assistants, tested his players on their intelligence and their knowledge of plays, instituted strict organization of practices and analyzed game film to get an edge on opponents. Brown created a detailed system for scouting college talent as a means to improve the Browns' college draft. The success of this systematic approach forced other teams to follow. Most of Brown's organizational innovations are still in use today. "No one, I mean no one, has ever had total command and respect like Paul Brown", Paul Wiggin, a former Browns defensive end, said in 1997. "I believe that Paul Brown could have been a general in the Army you put Paul Brown in charge of anything and he would have been one of those special people who could organize and lead." Brown's approach influenced future generations of coaches down to the present day. Men he worked directly with, including Don Shula, Weeb Ewbank, Chuck Noll and Bill Walsh, all adopted his system to some degree. While Brown's tenure in Cleveland ended in bitterness, the coach was a prolific innovator with the team. One factor in Brown's success was his decision to hire a full time staff of dedicated position coaches, a break from the norm in an era when most assistants took second jobs in the offseason to make ends meet. Brown also invented the practice squad, known in that era as the taxi squad, a group of promising players who did not make the roster but were kept on reserve. Team owner Mickey McBride put them on the payroll of his taxi company, although they did not drive cabs. Brown sat his players down in classrooms and relentlessly tested them on their knowledge of the playbook, requiring them to copy down every play in a separate notebook for better retention. He was a terse man, and his criticisms of players were often withering and ruthless. He prohibited players from drinking, told them not to smoke in public, and made coats and ties mandatory on road trips. They were not to have sex after Tuesday night during the season. According to Pat Summerall, Brown once traded a player, future Hall of Famer Doug Atkins, for burping out loud during a team meeting. He was the first coach to use intelligence tests to evaluate players, scout opponents using game films and call plays for his quarterback using guards as messengers. He invented the draw play and helped develop the modern face mask after Len Ford and Otto Graham suffered facial injuries. Although critical of Brown's coaching, Jim Brown said he integrated football in the right way:
Paul Brown integrated pro football without uttering a single word about integration. He just went out, signed a bunch of great black athletes, and started kicking butt. That's how you do it. You don't talk about it. Paul never said one word about race. But this was a time in sports when you'd play in some cities and the white players could stay at the nice hotel, but the blacks had to stay in the homes of some black families in town. But not with Paul. We always stayed in hotels that took the entire team. Again, he never said a word. But in his own way, the man integrated football the right way – and no one was going to stop him. The Bengals stadium was named in his honor until 2022. He was a member of the Bengals' inaugural Ring of Honor class in 2021.
Стадион "Бенгалс" был назван в его честь до 2022 года. Он вошел в первый состав Зала славы "Бенгалс" в 2021 году.
Although Brown coached dozens of successful teams at the high school, college and professional levels, his controlling personality and sharp criticisms made him unpopular with many players. Brown was a methodical and disciplined coach who tolerated no deviation from his system. His professional teams' planes did not wait for players who were late; anyone who missed the flight was forced to find one on his own and pay a fine to Brown. When the Browns practiced twice in a day in training camp, each session was exactly 55 minutes. Regular practices during the season lasted an hour and 12 minutes. Players who made mistakes in games were held up for ridicule during film review sessions. "There got to be a saying", longtime Browns safety Ken Konz said years later. "'There's a right way, a wrong way and the Paul Brown way.' If you did it the Paul Brown way, you were right. He was a very strict coach, and he expected you to toe the line." Brown was also a tough negotiator over salaries, often refusing to give players raises despite strong performance. He was called "cold and brutal" by sportswriters, and told players to be "ready to fight for your financial lives". "When I signed with Paul, he felt that $1,000 was $10 million", said Gene Hickerson, a guard who played for the Browns in the late 1950s and 1960s. Brown's stingy approach to salaries frustrated his players and was a motivating force behind the formation of the National Football League Players Association, which represents players' interests in dealings with the league. Browns players including Dante Lavelli and Abe Gibron helped found the union in 1956 along with lawyer and former Browns assistant coach Creighton Miller. Brown was so annoyed by the union that he had a 1946 team photo in his office touched up to remove Miller. Brown's acrimonious departure from Cleveland was another source of criticism. His teams' winning ways had helped obscure his harsh methods and need for control, but Modell's active involvement in the team exposed them. Despite that Modell owned the team, Brown refused to cede any authority or be diplomatic in his relationship with Modell. Modell felt Brown was unwilling to adapt to the way football was played in the early 1960s. Many players from that time agreed. "Paul didn't adjust to the changes in the game", former Browns cornerback Bernie Parrish said in 1997. "By 1962, he was more worried about protecting his reputation as the Greatest Coach Who Ever Lived than he was about winning a title. By the end of the 1962 season, a lot of us wanted to be traded because we were convinced that we'd never win a title with Paul Brown – and we never believed Paul Brown was going anywhere." After his firing, Brown held a grudge against Modell for the rest of his life. He never forgave Collier for taking over as coach when he left, even though Collier had asked for and received his blessing. Although he was criticized for his autocratic coaching style and strained relationships, Brown played a significant role in the evolution and modernization of football. The draw play he invented – a formation in which the quarterback drops back to pass but then hands off the ball to a running back – is still in wide use. In his autobiography, Brown said the play came about by accident in 1946 when Graham botched a play and improvised by making a late handoff to Marion Motley, who ran past the onrushing defenders for a large gain. He developed detailed passing patterns that were designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the defense. Brown is also credited with the creation of the passer's pocket, an offensive line protection scheme that is designed to buy a quarterback a few extra seconds to find the open receiver. Brown's main contribution to the game, however, was not to the development of new plays but to the organization and administration of teams. Before Brown, football was seen as a chaotic affair where winning was a product mostly of physical prowess. Few coaches took strategy and preparation seriously. Brown, by contrast, hired a full time staff of assistants, tested his players on their intelligence and their knowledge of plays, instituted strict organization of practices and analyzed game film to get an edge on opponents. Brown created a detailed system for scouting college talent as a means to improve the Browns' college draft. The success of this systematic approach forced other teams to follow. Most of Brown's organizational innovations are still in use today. "No one, I mean no one, has ever had total command and respect like Paul Brown", Paul Wiggin, a former Browns defensive end, said in 1997. "I believe that Paul Brown could have been a general in the Army you put Paul Brown in charge of anything and he would have been one of those special people who could organize and lead." Brown's approach influenced future generations of coaches down to the present day. Men he worked directly with, including Don Shula, Weeb Ewbank, Chuck Noll and Bill Walsh, all adopted his system to some degree. While Brown's tenure in Cleveland ended in bitterness, the coach was a prolific innovator with the team. One factor in Brown's success was his decision to hire a full time staff of dedicated position coaches, a break from the norm in an era when most assistants took second jobs in the offseason to make ends meet. Brown also invented the practice squad, known in that era as the taxi squad, a group of promising players who did not make the roster but were kept on reserve. Team owner Mickey McBride put them on the payroll of his taxi company, although they did not drive cabs. Brown sat his players down in classrooms and relentlessly tested them on their knowledge of the playbook, requiring them to copy down every play in a separate notebook for better retention. He was a terse man, and his criticisms of players were often withering and ruthless. He prohibited players from drinking, told them not to smoke in public, and made coats and ties mandatory on road trips. They were not to have sex after Tuesday night during the season. According to Pat Summerall, Brown once traded a player, future Hall of Famer Doug Atkins, for burping out loud during a team meeting. He was the first coach to use intelligence tests to evaluate players, scout opponents using game films and call plays for his quarterback using guards as messengers. He invented the draw play and helped develop the modern face mask after Len Ford and Otto Graham suffered facial injuries. Although critical of Brown's coaching, Jim Brown said he integrated football in the right way:
Paul Brown integrated pro football without uttering a single word about integration. He just went out, signed a bunch of great black athletes, and started kicking butt. That's how you do it. You don't talk about it. Paul never said one word about race. But this was a time in sports when you'd play in some cities and the white players could stay at the nice hotel, but the blacks had to stay in the homes of some black families in town. But not with Paul. We always stayed in hotels that took the entire team. Again, he never said a word. But in his own way, the man integrated football the right way – and no one was going to stop him. The Bengals stadium was named in his honor until 2022. He was a member of the Bengals' inaugural Ring of Honor class in 2021.