Панамская белолицая капуцина: описание и особенности

Species of primate
Speciesbox
| name = Panamanian white faced capuchin
| image = Capuchin Costa Rica. jpg
| status = VU
| status system = IUCN3.1
| status ref =
| genus = Cebus
| species = imitator
| authority = (Thomas, 1903)
| range map = Cebus capucinus and imitator Range Map. png
| range map caption = Distribution of Cebus imitator and Cebus capucinus. Some primatologists continue to consider the Panamanian and Colombian white faced capuchins as a single species. It is a member of the C. capucinus species group within the genus Cebus which also includes the Colombian white faced capuchin, white fronted capuchin, the weeper capuchin and the Kaapori capuchin. Boubli's study also indicated that the Honduran white faced capuchins, which had previously been considered a to be a possible separate subspecies, C. capucinus limitaneus, was not genetically distinct from the Panamanian white faced capuchin. The Panamanian white faced capuchin has mostly black fur, with white to yellow like fur on the neck, throat, chest, shoulders, and upper arms. The face is pink or a white cream color and may have identifying marks such as dark brows or dark fur patches. An area of black fur on the crown of the head is distinctive. It has a prehensile tail that is often held coiled, giving the white faced capuchins the nickname "ringtail". Adults reach a length of between , excluding tail, and a weight of up to The brain of a white faced capuchin is about , which is larger than that of several larger monkey species, such as the mantled howler. The Panamanian white faced capuchin is similar to the Colombian white faced capuchin in appearance, except that the female Panamanian white faced capuchins have brownish or grayish elongated frontal tufts, which provide a contrast to the pure white cheeks and throat.

The Panamanian white faced capuchin is a diurnal and arboreal animal. It moves primarily by walking on all four limbs. It
lives in troops, or groups, of up to 40 monkeys (mean 16, range 4–40) and has a male/female adult sex ratio of 0.71 on average (range 0.54–0.88). Males migrate to new social groups multiple times during the course of their lifetimes, migrating for the first time between 20 months and 11 years of age. The median age of migration in the Santa Rosa population is 4.5 years. Alpha males have been known to keep their positions as long as 17 years in this species Coalitionary aggression is common both among males and females, and capuchins seem to have an excellent understanding of the alliance structure in their group. For example, when capuchins are fighting, they sensibly recruit aid from someone who is both higher ranking than they are and also better friends with themselves than with their opponent. Female capuchins have linear dominance hierarchies. In contrast to many Old World monkeys such as macaques, in which females socially inherit the rank just below their mothers and just above their next oldest sisters, capuchins do not have a highly predictable ranking within their matrilines. The alpha male is always easy to discern, but there are sometimes ambiguous rankings among subordinate males. Male male relationships are tense, and affiliation between males is typically expressed by resting in contact, playing, or non conceptive sex rather than by grooming. Males cooperate in coalitions against potential predators, and also in defense of the group against other males. Because aggression from other male capuchins is the leading cause of death (aside from poaching by humans, where there is contact between humans and capuchins), male allies are critical for self defense during migration, and to assist in taking over other groups. Immigrating males often kill young infants when they take over a group. Females band together to defend their infants from infanticidal males, but they rarely succeed in saving their infants. Females do often mate with the killers of their infants, and with time, they typically become as supportive of the new alpha male as they had been of the previous one.

Panamanian white faced capuchin troops occupy home ranges of between Although they engage in activity that has been described as "territorial", more recent research indicates that white faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet, and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range. Home ranges overlap extensively, so groups are not territorial in the strictest sense of the word. Perhaps because of the intensity of male male competition and the threat of infanticide, interactions between groups are typically hostile: the males display aggressively toward one another and sometimes engage in physical aggression (even killing an opponent), while females grab their infants and run. Interactions between the Panamanian white faced capuchin and mantled howler are infrequent, and sometimes result in the capuchins threatening the larger howlers. Several non primate animal species tend to follow troops of white faced monkeys or are otherwise attracted by their presence. white lipped peccaries and agoutis are attracted by feeding white faced capuchins, looking for fruit that the capuchins drop. It will also eat fruits from Euphorbiaceae such as Mexican jumping bean Sebastiania pavoniana. It generally only eats ripe fruit, testing for ripeness by smelling, tasting and prodding the fruit. It also uses the bromelids as a water source, drinking the water that gets trapped inside. Insect prey eaten includes beetle larvae, butterfly and moth caterpillars, ants, wasps, and ant and wasp larvae. The population in Guanacaste, Costa Rica in particular is noted for hunting squirrels, magpies, white crowned parrots The amount of vertebrate prey eaten varies by troop. The diet can vary between the rainy and dry season. For example, in Guanacaste, Costa Rica the Panamanian white faced capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season (June to November). The use of stone tools is a marked difference between the gracile capuchins of the genus Cebus and the robust capuchins of the genus Sapajus. Although widespread in robust capuchins, only one case of habitual stone tool use has been reported by gracile capuchins. One population of Panamanian white faced capuchins found in Coiba National Park in Panama has been observed using hammerstones and anvils to process fruits from Terminalia catappa, Bactris major, and Cocos nucifera (coconuts) and invertebrates such as nerite snails, hermit crabs, and Halloween crabs. The Panamanian white faced capuchin is known to rub parts of certain plants into their hair. Plants used in this manner include citrus fruits, vines of the genera Piper and Clematis, monkey comb (genus Sloanea), dumb cane and custard apple. In captivity, it has been known to use tools to get to food or to defend itself, and in one case a white faced capuchin used a squirrel monkey as a projectile, hurling it at a human observer. Other species of capuchin monkeys are also trained in this manner. Panamanian white faced capuchins can also be trained for roles on television and movies, such as Marcel on the television series Friends. They were also traditionally used as organ grinder monkeys. It sometimes engages in a practice known as "urine washing", in which the monkey rubs urine on its feet. The exact purpose of this practice is unknown, but it may be a form of olfactory signal. Nonetheless, there is evidence that dominant males do tend to avoid breeding with their own daughters who are members of the troop. Such avoidance is rare among New World primates. Infants are carried by alloparents most often between 4 and 6 weeks in age. It has also been reported to occur in eastern Guatemala and southern Belize, but these reports are unconfirmed. It appears on the reverse side of the Costa Rican 5,000 colón note. While the white faced capuchin is very common in Costa Rica and Panama, the monkey has been largely extirpated from Honduras and much of Nicaragua. Many Honduran capuchins were captured and relocated to the island of Roatán, and many Nicaraguan capuchins were captured and relocated to the island of Ometepe. In Nicaragua, wild capuchins may still be easily spotted in regions around Masaya, as well as around Bluefields and other locations around the South Caribbean coast. They are seen, in the wild, daily by visitors who climb one of the volcanoes on Ometepe Island. It is found in many different types of forest, including mature and secondary forests, and including evergreen and deciduous forests, dry and moist forests, and mangrove and montane forests. However, it appears to prefer primary or advanced secondary forests.

The Panamanian white faced capuchin is regarded as vulnerable from a conservation standpoint by IUCN. The Panamanian white faced capuchin is important to its ecosystems as a seed and pollen disperser. It also impacts the ecosystem by eating insects that act as pests to certain trees, by pruning certain trees, such as Gustavia superba and Bursera simaruba, causing them to generate more branches and possibly additional fruit, and by accelerating germination of certain seeds when they pass through the capuchin's digestive tract. In addition, the Panamanian white faced capuchin sometimes kills Acacia collinsii plants when it rips through the plant's branches to get to resident ant colonies.