Быстрые шахматы: разновидности и современные лидеры

Chess variant with little move time allowed

Fast chess, also known as speed chess, is a type of chess in which each player is given less time to consider their moves than classical chess time controls allow. Fast chess is subdivided, by decreasing time controls, into rapid chess, blitz chess, and bullet chess. Armageddon chess is a particular variation of fast chess in which different rules apply for each of the two players. As of January 2024, the top ranked blitz chess player in the open section is Magnus Carlsen from Norway, who is also the top ranked classical chess player, reigning World Rapid Chess Champion, as well as the reigning World Blitz Chess Champion. The top ranked rapid chess player as of January 2024 is Ding Liren from China who is also the current World Chess Champion in classical chess. As of January 2024, Ju Wenjun of China is the women's top ranked rapid player, who is also the current Women's World Chess Champion in classical chess. The women's top ranked blitz player and also the top ranked classical chess player is Hou Yifan, also from China. The defending Women's World Rapid Chess Champion is Anastasia Bodnaruk of Russia and the Women's World Blitz Chess Champion is Valentina Gunina, also from Russia.

The World Chess Federation (FIDE) divides time controls for chess into "classical" time controls, and the fast chess time controls. as of 2014, for master level players (with an Elo of 2400 or higher) the regulations state that at least 120 minutes per player (based on a 60 move game) must be allocated for a game to be rated on the "classical" list; for lower rated players, this can be reduced to as little as 60 minutes.

A fast chess game can be further divided into several categories, which are primarily distinguished by the selection of time controls. Games may be played with or without time increments per move.

Time controls for each player in a game of rapid chess are, according to FIDE, more than 10 minutes but less than 60 minutes. Rapid chess was called active chess by FIDE between 1987 and 1989.

Bullet chess games have less than three minutes per player, based on a 40 move game; some chess servers rate one minute per player games separately. Lower time controls are called "hyperbullet" and "ultrabullet" for 30 second per player and 15 second per player games, respectively. Other common time control options for bullet games include two minutes with one second increment, one minute with a two second increment, or one minute with one second increment. The term lightning can also be applied to this variant. The use of increment in bullet chess is primarily to avoid issues with latency, as well to discourage playing from a lost position in order to win on time (also known as "dirty flagging"). Online bullet chess avoids practical problems associated with live bullet chess, particularly players accidentally knocking over the pieces. Playing online also allows premoving, or committing to a move before the opponent has taken their turn.

A variant of blitz chess where a drawn game is counted as a win for Black. This guarantees the game ends decisively, so it can be used as a final tiebreaker game. It was used in tournaments such as the Chess World Cup as a tiebreaker. To compensate for giving Black draw odds, White has more time on the clock. Common times are six minutes for White and five minutes for Black or five minutes for White and four minutes for Black. This can also be played with a small increment. If there is no increment, then difficult questions arise when players must try to flag in trivial draws, which happened in the Women's World Chess Championship 2008 in the match between Monika Soćko and Sabina Francesca Foisor. With a small increment, the time odds need to be larger to keep the situation balanced: Norway Chess has used 10 minutes to 7 minutes. Some tournaments utilise a bidding system for individual players of each match to decide how little time they would be willing to play with as black. The player with the lower bid for each match receives the black pieces with draw odds. This system minimises the perceived unfairness of Armageddon time controls that are decided in advance before a tournament with colours randomly allocated. Such an idea is reminiscent of the logical use case of fair cake cutting. Armageddon chess does not scale well to slower time controls, as even in rapid the necessary time odds would need to be too large; in correspondence events or engine vs. engine events, it is simply unworkable. Larry Kaufman, Kai Laskos, and Stephen Pohl have tested using engines (Stockfish, Komodo, and Houdini) an alternative solution, allowing for equal times: Black has draw odds, but is not allowed to castle short. Engine tests suggest that this is fair, although it has yet to be tried in practice by human grandmasters. or for an extremely fast form of chess. It can also refer to games with a fixed amount of time (e. g. ten seconds) for each move, or to bullet games.

Before the advent of digital clocks, five minutes per side was the standard for blitz or speed chess. Before the introduction of chess clocks, chess club "rapid transit" tournaments had referees who called out every ten seconds. The Washington Divan (2445 15th St. NW) had regular weekly games and used a special clock that beeped every ten seconds to indicate the time to move. Players had to use their full ten seconds and move on the bell. In 1988, Walter Browne formed the World Blitz Chess Association and its magazine Blitz Chess, which folded in 2003. In some chess tournaments and matches, the final standings of the contestants are decided by a series of games with ever shortening control times as tie breaks. In this case, two games may be played with each time control, as playing with black or white pieces is not equally liked among players. The short time controls in fast chess reduce the amount of time available to consider each move, and may result in a frantic game, especially as time runs out. A player whose time runs out automatically loses, unless the opposing player has insufficient material to checkmate, in which case the game is a draw. "Losing on time" is possible at even the longer, traditional time controls, but is more common in blitz and rapid versions. Play is governed by the FIDE Laws of Chess, except as modified by a specific tournament. However, in case of a dispute during a tournament, either player may stop the clock and call the arbiter to make a final and binding judgment. Chess boxing uses a fast version for the chess component of the sport, granting 9 minutes for each side with no increment.

The rules for fast chess differ between FIDE and the USCF. With the USCF, a game with more than 10 minutes affects the Quick rating, and the upper bounds for this rating is capped at 65 minutes per player. It is not possible for a game to be dual rated as both Blitz and Quick. Unlike Quick chess, 5 minutes can also mean game 3+2 (three minutes with a two second increment).

Both official and unofficial FIDE sponsored world championships for fast chess have been held since the 1970s.

In 1987, Garry Kasparov (the World Champion of classical chess at the time) and Nigel Short played a 6 game exhibition Rapid match ("Speed Chess Challenge") at the London Hippodrome, won by Kasparov 4–2. The 1988 victory by Anatoly Karpov in Mazatlan was officially called the World Active Championship, but FIDE changed the word 'active' to 'rapid' soon after. In 1992, FIDE held the Women's World Rapid and Blitz Championship in Budapest, Hungary. Both Rapid and Blitz Championships were won by Susan Polgar. and it is sometimes considered to be official, although it was never named as a "championship" but rather a "world cup". Viswanathan Anand won the official FIDE 2003 Rapid Championship at the 6th Cap d'Agde event. Teimour Radjabov won the 2006 7th Cap d’Agde Rapid Chess Tournament, but this had no FIDE status. The yearly Frankfurt or Mainz events hosted by the Chess Tigers (2001–2010) were considered as the traditional rapid chess championship, and it often received world championship billing in the absence of an annual FIDE recognized championship. In its last two years, the 2009 Grenkeleasing World Rapid Chess Championship in Mainz was won by Levon Aronian, and the 2010 Open GRENKE Rapid World Championship in Mainz was won by Gata Kamsky. The Association of Chess Professionals (ACP) also held a World Rapid Cup in some of these years, and the annual Amber chess tournament (1992 to 2011) also had a rapid segment. There was also occasionally a Eurotel Trophy or Intel Grand Prix event, each of which would be of high stature.

The first unofficial Speed Chess Championship of the World (or World Blitz Championship) was held in Herceg Novi on 8 April 1970. This was shortly after the first USSR versus the rest of the world match (in Belgrade), in which ten of these players also competed. Eleven Grandmasters and one International Master played a double round robin tournament. Bobby Fischer won first place, with a score of 19 points out of a possible 22. Fischer scored seventeen wins, four draws, and one loss (to Viktor Korchnoi). Mikhail Tal was a distant second, 4½ points behind. Fischer won both games against each of Tal, Tigran Petrosian, and Vasily Smyslov; all of them were past World Champions. By 1971, the Russian and Moscow five minute championships had been going several years, with Tal, Bronstein, and Petrosian all having success. That year, Fischer played in a blitz tournament organised by the Manhattan Chess Club, and scored 21½/22. There were also strong tournaments in Bugojno (in 1978), which was won by Karpov; and Nikšić (in 1983), which was won by Kasparov. In 1987, the S. W. I. F. T. super tournament was held in Brussels, Belgium; first prize was shared by Garry Kasparov and Ljubomir Ljubojević. The first FIDE sponsored World Blitz Championship was won by Mikhail Tal in 1988. which has since been referred to as a world championship, albeit inconsistently. The second FIDE recognized World Blitz Championship was won by Alexander Grischuk in 2006 in Rishon Lezion, Israel; however, the October 2009 FIDE Congress discussed whether it should be a "proper" Championship (given the qualification scheme), and it left the decision to the corresponding internal Commission. For 2010, it was organized in conjunction with FIDE from the beginning. However, in neither case was an arbiter's report presented to the next FIDE Congress or General Assembly, as would be expected for a World Championship, and indeed occurred previously with the 2008 Blitz Championship. The 2012 Arbiter's report refers to 7th World Blitz Championship thus seeming to imply that 2009 and 2010 events were indeed Championships; although this report can be faulted for referring to the rapid championship of 2012 as being the 1st World Rapid Championship, which at the very least forgets Anand's official Rapid Championship in 2003. The balance of the evidence favors these Blitz Championships as being counted as official. In 2011, there was no official blitz championship held, but FIDE was involved with the Sport Accord Mind Games blitz won by Maxime Vachier Lagrave, with Hou Yifan winning the women's division.