Введение
Модель мэйнфрейма IBM, специально разработанная для использования в системе управления воздушным движением. IBM 9020 представлял собой компьютер IBM System/360, адаптированный в многопроцессорную систему для использования Управлением федеральной авиации США (FAA) в целях управления воздушным движением. Системы были установлены в 20 центрах управления воздушным движением FAA (ARTCC), начиная с конца 1960-х годов. Гражданская авиационная администрация (CAA) Великобритании также установила систему в своем лондонском центре. Например, IBM 9020A был основан на S/360 50, а 9020D использовал два из трех или четырех процессоров S/360 65 для обработки данных о полетах и радиолокационной информации, при этом два из трех процессоров S/360 50 обеспечивали ввод/вывод. Raytheon CDC мог поддерживать максимум 60 ПВД. Пять ARTCC, превысивших это требование, были оснащены IBM DCC, который мог управлять до 90 ПВД. Первоначально было предложено три варианта 9020 CCC с различной емкостью планов полетов (FP): 9020A – максимум 325 FP; 9020B – максимум 200 FP; и 9020C – максимум 100 FP. В итоге был поставлен только 9020A, а также более поздний 9020D с емкостью 650 FP. Каждый FAA ARTCC имел консоль мониторинга обслуживания системы (SMMC), которая объединяла индикацию статуса установленной системы 9020 и связанных с ней компонентов, таких как системы жизнеобеспечения и каналы связи. Комплекс CCC/DCC максимальной конфигурации содержал 12 мэйнфреймов IBM S/360. Не все FAA ARTCC, их было 20, имели максимальную конфигурацию. В центре Великобритании была установлена система 9020D "Triplex" с шестью IBM S/360 (три S/360 65 и три S/360 50). Помимо 21 ARTCC, существовало четыре объекта с системами различной конфигурации, не используемыми в оперативной работе: системы поддержки и разработки 9020A, 9020D и 9020E в NAFEC FAA; учебные системы 9020A и 9020E в Академии FAA; простая система поддержки 9020D, расположенная совместно с оперативной системой CAA triplex 9020D в Лондоне, и 9020A в Raytheon для тестирования их системы отображения. ARTCC в Джексонвилле первоначально использовал 9020A, который был заменен на 9020D. Перемещенный 9020A остался в Джексонвилле и стал аппаратной платформой для центральной функции управления потоком в рамках ATCSCC FAA, расположенного в Вашингтоне. Он был переименован в Центральный компьютер управления потоком и имел цифровой канал связи с командным центром в Вашингтоне. 9 июня 1977 года между FAA и Организацией гражданской авиации Ирана был подписан договор «Иранская авиация: техническая помощь». В соответствии с условиями договора FAA должна была оказать техническую помощь для улучшения национальной системы воздушного пространства Ирана. Эта помощь включала установку 9020D и 9020E, а также сопутствующего оборудования стоимостью 29 миллионов долларов США (из общей стоимости контракта в 272 миллиона долларов США). Договор был сорван в результате Иранской исламской революции 1979 года, и системы так и не были поставлены.
The IBM 9020 was an IBM System/360 computer adapted into a multiprocessor system for use by the U. S. FAA for Air Traffic Control. Systems were installed in the FAA's 20 en route Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), beginning in the late 1960s. The U. K. CAA also installed a system in its London centre. The IBM 9020A, for example, was based on the S/360 50 and the 9020D used two out of three or four S/360 65 processors for flight and radar data processing with two out of three S/360 50 processors providing input/output capability. The Raytheon CDC could drive a maximum of 60 PVDs. The five ARTCCs that exceeded this requirement were equipped with the IBM DCC which could drive up to 90 PVDs. Initially three 9020 CCC variants were proposed, with different flight plan (FP) capacities: 9020A max 325 FPs; 9020B max 200 FPs; and 9020C max 100 FPs. In the event, only the 9020A was delivered, plus the later 9020D with a 650 FP capacity. Each FAA ARTCC had a System Maintenance Monitor Console (SMMC) that brought together the status indications of the installed 9020 system(s) as well as related components, such as environmental systems and communications links. A maximum configuration CCC/DCC complex contained 12 IBM S/360 mainframes. Not all FAA ARTCCs, of which there were 20, had the maximum configuration. The U. K. centre had a 9020D "Triplex" system with six IBM S/360s (three S/360 65s and three S/360 50s). In addition to the 21 ARTCCs there were four sites with variously configured non operational systems: 9020A, 9020D and 9020E support and development systems at the FAA's NAFEC; 9020A and 9020E training systems at the FAA Academy; a simplex 9020D support system co located with the CAA's operational triplex 9020D London system, and a 9020A at Raytheon for testing their display system. Jacksonville ARTCC initially had a 9020A, which was replaced by a 9020D. The relocated 9020A remained at Jacksonville to become the hardware platform for the Central Flow Control Function within the FAA's Washington based ATCSCC. It was renamed the Central Flow Control Computer and had a digital data link to the Washington command center. On June 9, 1977, a treaty “IRAN Aviation: Technical Assistance” was signed between the FAA and the Civil Aviation Organization of Iran. Under the terms of the treaty the FAA would provide technical assistance to improve the Iranian National Airspace System. This assistance included the installation of a 9020D and 9020E and associated equipment at a cost of $29m (out of a total contract cost of $272m). The treaty fell foul of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution and the systems were never delivered. + ARTCC System Configurations ARTCC CCC Display Albuquerque IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Atlanta IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Boston IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Chicago IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Cleveland IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Denver IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Fort Worth IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Houston IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Indianapolis IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Jacksonville IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Kansas City IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Los Angeles IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Memphis IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Miami IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Minneapolis IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 New York City IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Oakland IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Salt Lake City IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Seattle IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Washington DC IBM 9020D IBM 9020E London (United Kingdom) IBM 9020D Plessey PRDS
+ Конфигурации систем ARTCC
The IBM 9020 was an IBM System/360 computer adapted into a multiprocessor system for use by the U. S. FAA for Air Traffic Control. Systems were installed in the FAA's 20 en route Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), beginning in the late 1960s. The U. K. CAA also installed a system in its London centre. The IBM 9020A, for example, was based on the S/360 50 and the 9020D used two out of three or four S/360 65 processors for flight and radar data processing with two out of three S/360 50 processors providing input/output capability. The Raytheon CDC could drive a maximum of 60 PVDs. The five ARTCCs that exceeded this requirement were equipped with the IBM DCC which could drive up to 90 PVDs. Initially three 9020 CCC variants were proposed, with different flight plan (FP) capacities: 9020A max 325 FPs; 9020B max 200 FPs; and 9020C max 100 FPs. In the event, only the 9020A was delivered, plus the later 9020D with a 650 FP capacity. Each FAA ARTCC had a System Maintenance Monitor Console (SMMC) that brought together the status indications of the installed 9020 system(s) as well as related components, such as environmental systems and communications links. A maximum configuration CCC/DCC complex contained 12 IBM S/360 mainframes. Not all FAA ARTCCs, of which there were 20, had the maximum configuration. The U. K. centre had a 9020D "Triplex" system with six IBM S/360s (three S/360 65s and three S/360 50s). In addition to the 21 ARTCCs there were four sites with variously configured non operational systems: 9020A, 9020D and 9020E support and development systems at the FAA's NAFEC; 9020A and 9020E training systems at the FAA Academy; a simplex 9020D support system co located with the CAA's operational triplex 9020D London system, and a 9020A at Raytheon for testing their display system. Jacksonville ARTCC initially had a 9020A, which was replaced by a 9020D. The relocated 9020A remained at Jacksonville to become the hardware platform for the Central Flow Control Function within the FAA's Washington based ATCSCC. It was renamed the Central Flow Control Computer and had a digital data link to the Washington command center. On June 9, 1977, a treaty “IRAN Aviation: Technical Assistance” was signed between the FAA and the Civil Aviation Organization of Iran. Under the terms of the treaty the FAA would provide technical assistance to improve the Iranian National Airspace System. This assistance included the installation of a 9020D and 9020E and associated equipment at a cost of $29m (out of a total contract cost of $272m). The treaty fell foul of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution and the systems were never delivered. + ARTCC System Configurations ARTCC CCC Display Albuquerque IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Atlanta IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Boston IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Chicago IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Cleveland IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Denver IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Fort Worth IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Houston IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Indianapolis IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Jacksonville IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Kansas City IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Los Angeles IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Memphis IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Miami IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Minneapolis IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 New York City IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Oakland IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Salt Lake City IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Seattle IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Washington DC IBM 9020D IBM 9020E London (United Kingdom) IBM 9020D Plessey PRDS
ARTCC CCC Дисплей
Albuquerque IBM 9020A Raytheon 730
Atlanta IBM 9020D Raytheon 730
Boston IBM 9020A Raytheon 730
Chicago IBM 9020D IBM 9020E
Cleveland IBM 9020D IBM 9020E
Denver IBM 9020A Raytheon 730
Fort Worth IBM 9020D IBM 9020E
Houston IBM 9020A Raytheon 730
Indianapolis IBM 9020D Raytheon 730
Jacksonville IBM 9020D Raytheon 730
Kansas City IBM 9020D Raytheon 730
Los Angeles IBM 9020D Raytheon 730
Memphis IBM 9020A Raytheon 730
Miami IBM 9020A Raytheon 730
Minneapolis IBM 9020A Raytheon 730
New York City IBM 9020D IBM 9020E
Oakland IBM 9020A Raytheon 730
Salt Lake City IBM 9020A Raytheon 730
Seattle IBM 9020A Raytheon 730
Washington DC IBM 9020D IBM 9020E
London (United Kingdom) IBM 9020D Plessey PRDS
The IBM 9020 was an IBM System/360 computer adapted into a multiprocessor system for use by the U. S. FAA for Air Traffic Control. Systems were installed in the FAA's 20 en route Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), beginning in the late 1960s. The U. K. CAA also installed a system in its London centre. The IBM 9020A, for example, was based on the S/360 50 and the 9020D used two out of three or four S/360 65 processors for flight and radar data processing with two out of three S/360 50 processors providing input/output capability. The Raytheon CDC could drive a maximum of 60 PVDs. The five ARTCCs that exceeded this requirement were equipped with the IBM DCC which could drive up to 90 PVDs. Initially three 9020 CCC variants were proposed, with different flight plan (FP) capacities: 9020A max 325 FPs; 9020B max 200 FPs; and 9020C max 100 FPs. In the event, only the 9020A was delivered, plus the later 9020D with a 650 FP capacity. Each FAA ARTCC had a System Maintenance Monitor Console (SMMC) that brought together the status indications of the installed 9020 system(s) as well as related components, such as environmental systems and communications links. A maximum configuration CCC/DCC complex contained 12 IBM S/360 mainframes. Not all FAA ARTCCs, of which there were 20, had the maximum configuration. The U. K. centre had a 9020D "Triplex" system with six IBM S/360s (three S/360 65s and three S/360 50s). In addition to the 21 ARTCCs there were four sites with variously configured non operational systems: 9020A, 9020D and 9020E support and development systems at the FAA's NAFEC; 9020A and 9020E training systems at the FAA Academy; a simplex 9020D support system co located with the CAA's operational triplex 9020D London system, and a 9020A at Raytheon for testing their display system. Jacksonville ARTCC initially had a 9020A, which was replaced by a 9020D. The relocated 9020A remained at Jacksonville to become the hardware platform for the Central Flow Control Function within the FAA's Washington based ATCSCC. It was renamed the Central Flow Control Computer and had a digital data link to the Washington command center. On June 9, 1977, a treaty “IRAN Aviation: Technical Assistance” was signed between the FAA and the Civil Aviation Organization of Iran. Under the terms of the treaty the FAA would provide technical assistance to improve the Iranian National Airspace System. This assistance included the installation of a 9020D and 9020E and associated equipment at a cost of $29m (out of a total contract cost of $272m). The treaty fell foul of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution and the systems were never delivered. + ARTCC System Configurations ARTCC CCC Display Albuquerque IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Atlanta IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Boston IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Chicago IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Cleveland IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Denver IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Fort Worth IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Houston IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Indianapolis IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Jacksonville IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Kansas City IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Los Angeles IBM 9020D Raytheon 730 Memphis IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Miami IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Minneapolis IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 New York City IBM 9020D IBM 9020E Oakland IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Salt Lake City IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Seattle IBM 9020A Raytheon 730 Washington DC IBM 9020D IBM 9020E London (United Kingdom) IBM 9020D Plessey PRDS
Долговечность и последующие системы
9020A и 9020D использовались в Северной Америке до 1989 года, когда они были окончательно заменены мейнфреймами IBM 3083 BX1 в рамках модернизации Компьютерной системы хоста (HOST Computer System, HCS) Управления воздушным движением (FAA). В свою очередь, 3083 были заменены параллельными серверами обработки IBM 9672 RA4 в ходе завершенной в 1999 году замены Хост и Океанической компьютерной системы (Host and Oceanic Computer System Replacement, HOCSR) FAA. Одной из причин модернизации 1999 года была, вероятно, необоснованная озабоченность тем, что микрокод IBM 3083 может некорректно работать в 2000 году. По крайней мере, на первом этапе модернизации, 9672 работали с исходным кодом на языке ассемблера FAA в режиме эмуляции System/360. Из-за провала проекта FAA Advanced Automation System (AAS), комплексы каналов отображения 9020E оставались в эксплуатации вплоть до 1990-х годов. Компания NATS в Великобритании использовала систему 9020D с 1974 по 1989 год для работы с NAS, после чего NAS был перенесен на систему IBM 4381. Эта система также была известна как Компьютерная система хоста (HCS) и сохранила модули периферийных адаптеров (Peripheral Adapter Modules, PAMs) технологии System/360 от 9020D. Три PAM (IBM 7289) были окончательно выключены 27 ноября 1997 года, когда их замена (SPRINT) была введена в эксплуатацию.