Введение
Механизм часов
В часовой технике механизм, также известный как калибр, является механизмом часов или прибора для измерения времени, в отличие от корпуса, который заключает и защищает механизм, и циферблата, который отображает время. Термин возник с появлением механических часов, чьи часовые механизмы состоят из множества движущихся частей. Механизм цифровых часов чаще называют модулем. В современных серийно выпускаемых часах один и тот же механизм часто устанавливается в корпуса различных стилей. Например, при покупке качественных карманных часов середины XIX – середины XX века покупатель выбирал механизм и корпус по отдельности. Механические механизмы загрязняются, а смазочные материалы высыхают, поэтому их необходимо периодически разбирать, чистить и смазывать. Один из источников рекомендует следующие интервалы обслуживания: 3–5 лет для наручных часов, 15–20 лет для напольных часов, 10–15 лет для настенных или каминных часов, 15–20 лет для юбилейных часов и 7 лет для кукушечных часов, при этом более длительные интервалы применяются к антикварным часам.
Механические движения
Механический механизм содержит все движущиеся части часов или часов, кроме стрелок, а в случае маятниковых часов – маятник и тяговые гири. Механизм состоит из следующих компонентов:
Power source Either a mainspring, or a weight suspended from a cord wrapped around a pulley. The mainspring or pulley has a mechanism to allow it to be wound up, which includes a ratchet to prevent it from unwinding. The barrel or pulley has gear teeth on it which drives the center wheel. Wheel train A wheel train is a gear train that transmits the force of the power source to the escapement. Large gears known as wheels mesh with small gears known as pinions. The wheels in a typical going train are the centre wheel, third wheel, and fourth wheel. A separate set of wheels, the motion work, divides the motion of the minute hand by 12 to move the hour hand and in watches another set, the keyless work, allows the hands to be set. Escapement An escapement is a mechanism that allows the wheel train to advance, or escape a fixed amount with each swing of the balance wheel or pendulum. It consists of a gear called an escape wheel which is released one tooth at a time by a lever that rocks back and forth. Each time the escape wheel moves forward it also gives the pendulum or balance wheel a push to keep it moving. Oscillator The timekeeping element, either a pendulum or a balance wheel. It swings back and forth, with a precisely constant time interval between each swing, called the beat. A pendulum movement has a pendulum hangar usually attached to a sturdy support on the back, from which the pendulum is suspended and a fork which gives the pendulum impulses. The oscillator always has some means for adjusting the rate of the clock. Pendulums usually have an adjustment nut under the bob, while balance wheels have a regulator lever on the balance spring.
Источник энергии: либо пружина, либо груз, подвешенный на тросе, обернутом вокруг шкива. Пружина или шкив имеют механизм для завода, включающий храповик, предотвращающий самопроизвольное раскручивание. На барабан или шкив нанесены зубья, которые приводят в движение центральное колесо.
Power source Either a mainspring, or a weight suspended from a cord wrapped around a pulley. The mainspring or pulley has a mechanism to allow it to be wound up, which includes a ratchet to prevent it from unwinding. The barrel or pulley has gear teeth on it which drives the center wheel. Wheel train A wheel train is a gear train that transmits the force of the power source to the escapement. Large gears known as wheels mesh with small gears known as pinions. The wheels in a typical going train are the centre wheel, third wheel, and fourth wheel. A separate set of wheels, the motion work, divides the motion of the minute hand by 12 to move the hour hand and in watches another set, the keyless work, allows the hands to be set. Escapement An escapement is a mechanism that allows the wheel train to advance, or escape a fixed amount with each swing of the balance wheel or pendulum. It consists of a gear called an escape wheel which is released one tooth at a time by a lever that rocks back and forth. Each time the escape wheel moves forward it also gives the pendulum or balance wheel a push to keep it moving. Oscillator The timekeeping element, either a pendulum or a balance wheel. It swings back and forth, with a precisely constant time interval between each swing, called the beat. A pendulum movement has a pendulum hangar usually attached to a sturdy support on the back, from which the pendulum is suspended and a fork which gives the pendulum impulses. The oscillator always has some means for adjusting the rate of the clock. Pendulums usually have an adjustment nut under the bob, while balance wheels have a regulator lever on the balance spring.
Колесный механизм: Колесный механизм – это зубчатая передача, передающая энергию от источника питания к спусковому механизму. Большие шестерни, называемые колесами, сцеплены с маленькими шестернями, называемыми зубчатыми колесами. Колеса в типичном ходовом механизме – это центральное колесо, третье колесо и четвертое колесо. Отдельный набор колес, механизм хода, делит движение минутной стрелки на 12, чтобы переместить часовую стрелку, а в часах другой набор, механизм завода, позволяет устанавливать стрелки.
Power source Either a mainspring, or a weight suspended from a cord wrapped around a pulley. The mainspring or pulley has a mechanism to allow it to be wound up, which includes a ratchet to prevent it from unwinding. The barrel or pulley has gear teeth on it which drives the center wheel. Wheel train A wheel train is a gear train that transmits the force of the power source to the escapement. Large gears known as wheels mesh with small gears known as pinions. The wheels in a typical going train are the centre wheel, third wheel, and fourth wheel. A separate set of wheels, the motion work, divides the motion of the minute hand by 12 to move the hour hand and in watches another set, the keyless work, allows the hands to be set. Escapement An escapement is a mechanism that allows the wheel train to advance, or escape a fixed amount with each swing of the balance wheel or pendulum. It consists of a gear called an escape wheel which is released one tooth at a time by a lever that rocks back and forth. Each time the escape wheel moves forward it also gives the pendulum or balance wheel a push to keep it moving. Oscillator The timekeeping element, either a pendulum or a balance wheel. It swings back and forth, with a precisely constant time interval between each swing, called the beat. A pendulum movement has a pendulum hangar usually attached to a sturdy support on the back, from which the pendulum is suspended and a fork which gives the pendulum impulses. The oscillator always has some means for adjusting the rate of the clock. Pendulums usually have an adjustment nut under the bob, while balance wheels have a regulator lever on the balance spring.
Спусковой механизм: Спусковой механизм – это устройство, позволяющее колесному механизму продвигаться, или освобождать фиксированное количество зубьев с каждым колебанием балансировочного колеса или маятника. Он состоит из колеса, называемого спусковым колесом, которое освобождается по одному зубцу за раз рычагом, качающимся вперед и назад. Каждый раз, когда спусковое колесо движется вперед, оно также толкает маятник или балансировочное колесо, поддерживая его движение.
Power source Either a mainspring, or a weight suspended from a cord wrapped around a pulley. The mainspring or pulley has a mechanism to allow it to be wound up, which includes a ratchet to prevent it from unwinding. The barrel or pulley has gear teeth on it which drives the center wheel. Wheel train A wheel train is a gear train that transmits the force of the power source to the escapement. Large gears known as wheels mesh with small gears known as pinions. The wheels in a typical going train are the centre wheel, third wheel, and fourth wheel. A separate set of wheels, the motion work, divides the motion of the minute hand by 12 to move the hour hand and in watches another set, the keyless work, allows the hands to be set. Escapement An escapement is a mechanism that allows the wheel train to advance, or escape a fixed amount with each swing of the balance wheel or pendulum. It consists of a gear called an escape wheel which is released one tooth at a time by a lever that rocks back and forth. Each time the escape wheel moves forward it also gives the pendulum or balance wheel a push to keep it moving. Oscillator The timekeeping element, either a pendulum or a balance wheel. It swings back and forth, with a precisely constant time interval between each swing, called the beat. A pendulum movement has a pendulum hangar usually attached to a sturdy support on the back, from which the pendulum is suspended and a fork which gives the pendulum impulses. The oscillator always has some means for adjusting the rate of the clock. Pendulums usually have an adjustment nut under the bob, while balance wheels have a regulator lever on the balance spring.
Генератор: Элемент, определяющий ход времени, – либо маятник, либо балансировочное колесо. Он колеблется вперед и назад с точно постоянным временным интервалом между каждым колебанием, называемым ритмом. В маятниковых механизмах имеется маятниковый подвес, обычно прикрепленный к прочной опоре сзади, от которого подвешен маятник, и вилка, передающая импульсы маятнику. Генератор всегда имеет средства для регулировки хода часов. Маятники обычно имеют регулировочную гайку под грузом, а балансировочные колеса – регулятор на спирали баланса.
Power source Either a mainspring, or a weight suspended from a cord wrapped around a pulley. The mainspring or pulley has a mechanism to allow it to be wound up, which includes a ratchet to prevent it from unwinding. The barrel or pulley has gear teeth on it which drives the center wheel. Wheel train A wheel train is a gear train that transmits the force of the power source to the escapement. Large gears known as wheels mesh with small gears known as pinions. The wheels in a typical going train are the centre wheel, third wheel, and fourth wheel. A separate set of wheels, the motion work, divides the motion of the minute hand by 12 to move the hour hand and in watches another set, the keyless work, allows the hands to be set. Escapement An escapement is a mechanism that allows the wheel train to advance, or escape a fixed amount with each swing of the balance wheel or pendulum. It consists of a gear called an escape wheel which is released one tooth at a time by a lever that rocks back and forth. Each time the escape wheel moves forward it also gives the pendulum or balance wheel a push to keep it moving. Oscillator The timekeeping element, either a pendulum or a balance wheel. It swings back and forth, with a precisely constant time interval between each swing, called the beat. A pendulum movement has a pendulum hangar usually attached to a sturdy support on the back, from which the pendulum is suspended and a fork which gives the pendulum impulses. The oscillator always has some means for adjusting the rate of the clock. Pendulums usually have an adjustment nut under the bob, while balance wheels have a regulator lever on the balance spring.
Виды движений
Часовые механизмы выпускаются в различных формах, чтобы соответствовать разным стилям корпусов, таким как круглый, бочкообразный, прямоугольный, прямоугольный со скругленными углами, овальный и багетный, и их размеры измеряются в лигах или в миллиметрах. Каждый конкретный часовой механизм называется калибром. Детали механизма разделяются на две основные категории: детали базового механизма (эбош) и детали совокупности (ассортимента).