Спонтанное параметрическое рассеяние света

Optical process

Spontaneous parametric down conversion (also known as SPDC, parametric fluorescence or parametric scattering) is a nonlinear instant optical process that converts one photon of higher energy (namely, a pump photon), into a pair of photons (namely, a signal photon, and an idler photon) of lower energy, in accordance with the law of conservation of energy and law of conservation of momentum. It is an important process in quantum optics, for the generation of entangled photon pairs, and of single photons.

A nonlinear crystal is used to produce pairs of photons from a photon beam. In accordance with the law of conservation of energy and law of conservation of momentum, the pairs have combined energies and momenta equal to the energy and momentum of the original photon. Because the index of refraction changes with frequency (dispersion), only certain triplets of frequencies will be phase matched so that simultaneous energy and momentum conservation can be achieved. Phase matching is most commonly achieved using birefringent nonlinear materials, whose index of refraction changes with polarization. As a result of this, different types of SPDC are categorized by the polarizations of the input photon (the pump) and the two output photons (signal and idler). If the signal and idler photons share the same polarization with each other and with the destroyed pump photon it is deemed Type 0 SPDC; if the signal and idler photons share the same polarization to each other, but are orthogonal to the pump polarization, it is Type I SPDC; and if the signal and idler photons have perpendicular polarizations, it is deemed Type II SPDC. The conversion efficiency of SPDC is typically very low, with the highest efficiency obtained on the order of 4x10 6 incoming photons for PPLN in waveguides. However, if one half of the pair is detected at any time then its partner is known to be present. The degenerate portion of the output of a Type I down converter is a squeezed vacuum that contains only even photon number terms. The nondegenerate output of the Type II down converter is a two mode squeezed vacuum.

SPDC was demonstrated as early as 1967 by S. E. Harris, M. K. Oshman, and R. L. Byer, as well as by D. Magde and H. Mahr. It was first applied to experiments related to coherence by two independent pairs of researchers in the late 1980s: Carroll Alley and Yanhua Shih, and Rupamanjari Ghosh and Leonard Mandel. The duality between incoherent (Van Cittert–Zernike theorem) and biphoton emissions was found.

SPDC allows for the creation of optical fields containing (to a good approximation) a single photon. As of 2005, this is the predominant mechanism for an experimenter to create single photons (also known as Fock states). The single photons as well as the photon pairs are often used in quantum information experiments and applications like quantum cryptography and Bell test experiments. SPDC is widely used to create pairs of entangled photons with a high degree of spatial correlation. Such pairs are used in ghost imaging, in which information is combined from two light detectors: a conventional, multi pixel detector that does not view the object, and a single pixel (bucket) detector that does view the object.

The newly observed effect of two photon emission from electrically driven semiconductors has been proposed as a basis for more efficient sources of entangled photon pairs. Other than SPDC generated photon pairs, the photons of a semiconductor emitted pair usually are not identical but have different energies. Until recently, within the constraints of quantum uncertainty, the pair of emitted photons were assumed to be co located: they are born from the same location. However, a new nonlocalized mechanism for the production of correlated photon pairs in SPDC has highlighted that occasionally the individual photons that constitute the pair can be emitted from spatially separated points.