Введение
Холодное оружие
A messer (German for "knife") is a single edged sword of the 15th and 16th century, characterised by knife like hilt construction methods. While the various names are often used synonymously, messers can be divided into several principal groups:
A Bauernwehr ("peasant's knife" or "peasant's sidearm") or Hauswehr ("home/household knife") is a single handed knife, used for utility and defence. Typical blade lengths range from lengths up to around
Messer, Langes Messer, and Großes Messer ("knife", "long knife", and "great knife" respectively) are usually single handed swords used for self defence. These blade lengths ranged from about to Hilts are normally suited to single handed use, but the larger examples may feature extended grips suitable for a second hand hold. Kriegsmesser ("war knife") are the largest examples of messer hilted weapons, ranging from around long with approximately blade, up to around long with blades up to in length. Designed to be used with both hands, such messers were dedicated military arms, normally wielded by professional soldiers during the 15th and 16th century, such as the Landsknecht. These names are subjective, and there are no known texts which clearly codify the differences between groups. As such, A large Bauernwehr might well have also been called a Messer, or a large Großes Messer might have been called a Kriegsmesser.
Мессер (от немецкого "нож") — однолезвийный меч XV и XVI веков, характеризующийся конструкцией рукояти, схожей с ножевой. Хотя различные названия часто используются как синонимы, мессеры можно разделить на несколько основных групп:
A messer (German for "knife") is a single edged sword of the 15th and 16th century, characterised by knife like hilt construction methods. While the various names are often used synonymously, messers can be divided into several principal groups:
A Bauernwehr ("peasant's knife" or "peasant's sidearm") or Hauswehr ("home/household knife") is a single handed knife, used for utility and defence. Typical blade lengths range from lengths up to around
Messer, Langes Messer, and Großes Messer ("knife", "long knife", and "great knife" respectively) are usually single handed swords used for self defence. These blade lengths ranged from about to Hilts are normally suited to single handed use, but the larger examples may feature extended grips suitable for a second hand hold. Kriegsmesser ("war knife") are the largest examples of messer hilted weapons, ranging from around long with approximately blade, up to around long with blades up to in length. Designed to be used with both hands, such messers were dedicated military arms, normally wielded by professional soldiers during the 15th and 16th century, such as the Landsknecht. These names are subjective, and there are no known texts which clearly codify the differences between groups. As such, A large Bauernwehr might well have also been called a Messer, or a large Großes Messer might have been called a Kriegsmesser.
Бауэрнвер ("крестьянский нож" или "крестьянское оружие") или Хаусвер ("домашний нож") — это одноручный нож, использовавшийся для хозяйственных нужд и самообороны. Типичная длина клинка варьируется от … до примерно …
A messer (German for "knife") is a single edged sword of the 15th and 16th century, characterised by knife like hilt construction methods. While the various names are often used synonymously, messers can be divided into several principal groups:
A Bauernwehr ("peasant's knife" or "peasant's sidearm") or Hauswehr ("home/household knife") is a single handed knife, used for utility and defence. Typical blade lengths range from lengths up to around
Messer, Langes Messer, and Großes Messer ("knife", "long knife", and "great knife" respectively) are usually single handed swords used for self defence. These blade lengths ranged from about to Hilts are normally suited to single handed use, but the larger examples may feature extended grips suitable for a second hand hold. Kriegsmesser ("war knife") are the largest examples of messer hilted weapons, ranging from around long with approximately blade, up to around long with blades up to in length. Designed to be used with both hands, such messers were dedicated military arms, normally wielded by professional soldiers during the 15th and 16th century, such as the Landsknecht. These names are subjective, and there are no known texts which clearly codify the differences between groups. As such, A large Bauernwehr might well have also been called a Messer, or a large Großes Messer might have been called a Kriegsmesser.
Мессер, Лангес Мессер и Гроссес Мессер ("нож", "длинный нож" и "большой нож" соответственно) обычно являются одноручными мечами, предназначенными для самообороны. Длина их клинков варьировалась от примерно … до … Рукояти обычно рассчитаны на использование одной рукой, но более крупные экземпляры могут иметь удлиненные рукоятки, подходящие для захвата двумя руками. Кригсмессер ("военный нож") — самые крупные образцы оружия с рукоятью типа мессер, длиной от … с клинком приблизительно … до … с клинками длиной до … Такие мессеры были предназначены для использования обеими руками и являлись полноценным военным оружием, обычно используемым профессиональными солдатами в XV и XVI веках, например, ландскнехтами. Эти названия носят субъективный характер, и не существует известных текстов, чётко определяющих различия между группами. Таким образом, большой Бауэрнвер вполне мог называться мессером, а большой Гроссес Мессер — Кригсмессером.
A messer (German for "knife") is a single edged sword of the 15th and 16th century, characterised by knife like hilt construction methods. While the various names are often used synonymously, messers can be divided into several principal groups:
A Bauernwehr ("peasant's knife" or "peasant's sidearm") or Hauswehr ("home/household knife") is a single handed knife, used for utility and defence. Typical blade lengths range from lengths up to around
Messer, Langes Messer, and Großes Messer ("knife", "long knife", and "great knife" respectively) are usually single handed swords used for self defence. These blade lengths ranged from about to Hilts are normally suited to single handed use, but the larger examples may feature extended grips suitable for a second hand hold. Kriegsmesser ("war knife") are the largest examples of messer hilted weapons, ranging from around long with approximately blade, up to around long with blades up to in length. Designed to be used with both hands, such messers were dedicated military arms, normally wielded by professional soldiers during the 15th and 16th century, such as the Landsknecht. These names are subjective, and there are no known texts which clearly codify the differences between groups. As such, A large Bauernwehr might well have also been called a Messer, or a large Großes Messer might have been called a Kriegsmesser.
Типология
Для борьбы с внутренней неопределенностью при использовании исторических терминов, таких как "Messer", "langes Messer" и "Großes Messer", которые порой используются как синонимы, Джеймс Г. Элмсли разработал типологию европейского одностороннего оружия, классифицирующую формы мессеров и фальчионов, подобно типологии Оукшотта, применяемой к двусторонним боевым мечам. Дополнительную информацию можно найти в разделе "Типология Элмсли".
Происхождение и география
Мессер, по всей видимости, появились в регионе Южной Германии, Швейцарии или Северной Австрии в первые годы XV века как небольшие крестьянские и домашние ножи, используемые простолюдинами. В связи с этим точная дата их возникновения неизвестна, а самое раннее известное изображение относится примерно к 1430 году.